# What are head and neck cancers? Canonical page: https://clinicsjo.com/en/faq/what-are-head-and-neck-cancers Language: en Category: oncology Publisher: ClinicsJo Published: 2026-09-13T08:09:51.967Z Content updated: 2026-09-13T08:09:51.967Z Translation (ar): https://clinicsjo.com/ar/faq/what-are-head-and-neck-cancers Head and neck cancers are a group of malignant tumors that originate in specific areas of the head and neck. These cancers typically begin in the squamous cells that line the moist mucosal surfaces inside the mouth, nose, sinuses, throat (pharynx), and larynx (voice box); these types are known as head and neck squamous cell carcinomas [\[1\]](). Head and neck cancers are distinct from cancers of the brain, eye, esophagus, thyroid, and skin cancers of the head and neck, as the latter are generally not classified as head and neck cancers due to differences in their types and treatment methods [\[1\]](). ## Common Locations of Head and Neck Cancers Head and neck cancers can develop in several areas, including [\[2\]](): - **Oral Cavity:** Includes the lips, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the gums, the lining of the cheeks and lips, the floor of the mouth, the hard palate, and the small area of the gum behind the wisdom teeth. - **Pharynx (Throat):** A hollow tube extending from behind the nose to the esophagus, including the nasopharynx (the upper part behind the nose), the oropharynx (the middle part including the soft palate, base of the tongue, and tonsils), and the hypopharynx (the lower part). - **Larynx (Voice Box):** A short passage made of cartilage below the pharynx, containing the vocal cords and a small piece of tissue called the epiglottis that covers the voice box to prevent food from entering the airways. - **Sinuses and Nasal Cavity:** The sinuses are small hollow spaces in the bones of the head surrounding the nose, and the nasal cavity is the hollow space inside the nose. - **Salivary Glands:** The major salivary glands are located in the floor of the mouth and near the jawbone, producing saliva. There are also minor salivary glands scattered throughout the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. ## Types of Affected Cells Most head and neck cancers begin in the squamous cells that line the mucosal surfaces [\[1\]](). These cells are the primary component of many tissues in these regions. As the cancer grows, cancer cells may spread into deeper tissues [\[1\]](). In some cases, cancers may arise in the salivary glands, sinuses, or muscles and nerves in the head and neck, but these are less common than squamous cell carcinomas [\[2\]](). ## Importance of Early Detection Given the diverse locations and potential symptoms of these cancers, it is important to pay attention to any abnormal changes in the head and neck regions. Symptoms can include a lump in the neck, sores in the mouth or throat that do not heal and are painful, hoarseness, or difficulty swallowing [\[1\]](). These symptoms may be caused by less serious conditions, but it is essential to consult a physician or dentist for evaluation [\[2\]](). For more information on this topic, you can visit [Head and Neck Cancers: Early Detection, Treatment, and Recovery (Arabic)](). ## Important Next Steps If you notice any of the above symptoms, especially if they persist for a long time or worsen, you should visit a specialist (typically an Ear, Nose, and Throat doctor) to evaluate the condition. Early diagnosis plays a crucial role in determining treatment options and improving outcomes [\[1\]](). Diagnosis may include a physical examination, blood tests, endoscopy, biopsy, or imaging scans [\[1\]](). ## Medical references - [Head and Neck Cancer]() - [Head and Neck Cancers]() General health education; not a substitute for individualized clinical assessment. Citation URL: https://clinicsjo.com/en/faq/what-are-head-and-neck-cancers#answer