Medical Glossary
523 medical terms with verified definitions in both Arabic and English
A comprehensive bilingual medical dictionary with precise definitions reviewed by specialist physicians. Pick a language, then browse alphabetically or search for any term.
A
Advanced cardiac life support with drugs and electrical therapy.
Antiviral for HSV and VZV. Oral or IV.
Removal of adenoids behind the nose.
Automated external defibrillator for sudden cardiac arrest.
Intravitreal anti-VEGF for AMD, DR, RVO.
Marker for hepatocellular carcinoma, testicular, and germ cell tumors.
Loss of taste.
Oral anthelmintic for intestinal worms and hydatid disease.
Lung cancer rearrangement responsive to alectinib.
IV thrombolytic for stroke, MI, and PE.
Ovarian reserve marker, important in fertility assessment.
Autoantibodies against cell nuclei, used in lupus and autoimmune disease diagnosis.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, diagnose vasculitis like GPA and MPA.
Loss of smell. Causes: viral infection, trauma, polyps.
Most specific antibody for RA.
Language disorder after brain injury. Types: Broca's, Wernicke's.
Twice-daily DOAC for AFib and DVT/PE.
Antipsychotic for schizophrenia, bipolar, and TRD adjunct.
Non-stimulant for ADHD. Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
Older immunosuppressant for autoimmune diseases and IBD.
Multifactorial; from IBS to appendicitis and cholecystitis.
Sudden chest pain requiring evaluation for MI, PE, aortic dissection.
Anti-TNF-α biologic for RA, Crohn's, psoriasis, UC.
Hearing threshold measurement test.
Specialty in anesthesia, ICU care, and pain management.
Direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) for atrial fibrillation and DVT/PE.
Potent statin lowering LDL cholesterol and reducing cardiovascular events and stroke.
A macrolide antibiotic used for respiratory infections and typhoid.
Acetylsalicylic acid; low-dose (75–100 mg) used for cardiovascular thromboprophylaxis.
Lowers serum uric acid for gout prevention.
Calcium channel blocker lowering BP and treating angina.
A penicillin-class antibiotic used for common bacterial infections of throat, ear, and urinary tract.
Class III antiarrhythmic, highly effective but with multi-system side effects (thyroid, lung, liver).
First part of aorta exiting left ventricle.
Tiny air sacs in lungs where gas exchange between air and blood occurs.
Short-acting benzodiazepine for panic disorder; high dependence potential, use cautiously.
Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to tissues, with thick elastic walls.
The largest artery in the body, exiting the left ventricle and distributing blood to all organs.
Valve between left ventricle and aorta regulating blood ejection to the body.
Glands atop the kidneys producing cortisol, aldosterone, adrenaline, and androgens.
Endoscopic joint surgery (knee, shoulder, wrist, ankle).
Ankle swelling. Causes: heart, kidney, liver disease.
Low blood hemoglobin causing fatigue and dyspnea. Causes: iron/B12 deficiency, bleeding, chronic disease.
Curved part of aorta above heart, gives rise to head and arm arteries.
B
JAK1/2 inhibitor for RA, alopecia areata, severe COVID.
Bi-level positive airway pressure for hypercapnia and acute heart failure.
Blood culture identifying bacteria in sepsis.
Basic life support with CPR and AED.
Heart failure marker, elevated with ventricular strain.
Iliac crest needle sampling of bone marrow for blood disorder diagnosis.
Internal radiation with source implanted in/near tumor.
Hereditary genes increasing breast and ovarian cancer risk.
Partial opioid agonist for OUD. Suboxone is combined with naloxone.
Antidepressant also for SAD and smoking cessation.
Bloody diarrhea. Causes: inflammation, infection, or tumor.
Muscle relaxant used for MS and spinal cord injury spasticity.
Cardio-selective beta blocker for hypertension, angina, and heart failure.
Central nervous system organ in the skull controlling cognition, movement, and sensation.
Muscular organ storing urine before excretion via the urethra.
Blood escaping vessels; may need emergency intervention.
Endoscopy of bronchi for diagnosis or treatment of lung diseases.
Brain region connecting cerebrum to spinal cord; houses vital functions like breathing and heart rate.
Injecting botulinum toxin for wrinkles, hyperhidrosis, migraine, and muscle spasticity.
Removing tissue sample for microscopic examination to confirm diagnosis (cancer, inflammation).
Stem cell transplant for leukemia, lymphoma, and thalassemia.
Blurred vision. Causes: refractive error, cataract, diabetes.
Spongy tissue inside bones producing all blood cells.
C
Tumor marker for ovarian cancer.
Dopamine agonist for prolactinoma and hyperprolactinemia.
Calcium supplement and antacid.
Genetically modified immune cell therapy for leukemia, lymphoma, MM.
Cardiothoracic surgery specialty.
Synchronized electrical shock to restore normal sinus rhythm.
Phacoemulsification with IOL implantation for cataract removal.
Cauterizing heart tissue to treat arrhythmia.
Tumor marker for colon, breast, and lung cancer.
Second-gen antihistamine for allergic rhinitis and urticaria.
Tube draining air or fluid from chest.
Potent antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Requires weekly CBC monitoring.
Blood clotting tests: PT/INR and aPTT, important pre-operatively.
Surgically implanted device in inner ear to restore hearing.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for various psychiatric disorders.
Treats gout, FMF, pericarditis, and now CV prophylaxis.
UV-riboflavin treatment to stabilize keratoconus.
Stress hormone, measured in the morning for Cushing/Addison.
Acute inflammation marker. Elevated in infection and inflammation.
Strong immunosuppressant for transplant, psoriasis, and autoimmune disorders.
Implanted device regulating heart rate in bradycardia.
Multifactorial symptom; main causes: cardiac (angina/MI), pulmonary, musculoskeletal, or GI.
A test measuring cardiac response to exertion on a treadmill with ECG monitoring.
3D cross-sectional X-ray imaging detecting tumors, bleeds, clots, and fractures.
Diarrhea lasting >4 weeks. Requires organic cause evaluation.
Infrequent or difficult defecation; treated with fiber, hydration, and safe laxatives.
Postoperative constipation, common from opioids and anesthesia.
Surgery grafting alternative vessels to bypass coronary stenoses.
Collarbone between shoulder and sternum.
Surgical removal of the foreskin; common in male newborns.
Clear fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord.
Airway defense mechanism; can be dry or productive, acute or chronic.
Cough >8 weeks. Causes: asthma, GERD, postnasal drip.
A fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for UTIs and bacterial diarrhea.
Third-generation cephalosporin injectable antibiotic with broad spectrum.
Arteries supplying the heart muscle. Main: left main, LAD, circumflex, and RCA.
Main neck artery supplying the brain.
Smallest blood vessels where gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues occurs.
Tailbone at the end of spine.
Surgical delivery via abdominal and uterine incision when vaginal delivery isn't possible.
Flexible connective tissue covering bone ends in joints and forming the nose and ears.
7 cervical neck vertebrae (C1-C7).
Transparent front layer of the eye focusing light onto the retina.
Procedure using a catheter via femoral/radial artery to evaluate coronary arteries and place stents.
Last part of intestine, absorbs water and stores feces. Divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid.
Antiplatelet used after stenting and in coronary artery disease.
Treats and prevents gout flares; also used for pericarditis.
Brain region posterior to brainstem responsible for balance and motor coordination.
Procedure inspecting the entire colon with a flexible scope to diagnose tumors, inflammation, and bleeding; recommended for colorectal cancer screening from age 45.
Procedure inserting a thin scope through urethra to inspect the bladder and biopsy.
Blood test measuring red, white cells, platelets, and hemoglobin.
Dyspnea >1 month. Causes: COPD, HF, anemia.
Lower part of the uterus opening into the vagina.
Mainstay treatment for Parkinson's disease, replenishing brain dopamine.
Macrolide antibiotic for H. pylori and respiratory infections.
mRNA (Pfizer, Moderna) or non-mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.
D
Blood test used to rule out PE/DVT; if elevated, requires further imaging.
Direct thrombin inhibitor DOAC. Reversed by idarucizumab.
SGLT2 inhibitor for diabetes, heart failure, and CKD. Branded Forxiga / Farxiga.
Antibacterial and antihistaminic for Hansen disease and dermatitis herpetiformis.
Deep brain electrical stimulation for Parkinson's, essential tremor, OCD.
Intensive CBT for BPD.
Emergency unsynchronized shock for pulseless VF/VT.
Bone density scan diagnosing osteoporosis.
Aversive therapy for alcohol use disorder.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for Alzheimer's.
SNRI for depression, neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia.
Descending portion of aorta in chest and abdomen.
Middle skin layer containing vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.
Increased stool frequency/looseness; acute (<14 days) or chronic. Requires prompt rehydration in children.
Large muscle separating thoracic from abdominal cavity; primary muscle of respiration.
First small intestine part after stomach.
Benzodiazepine for acute anxiety, seizures, and muscle spasm; risk of dependence.
Cardiac glycoside slowing heart rate in AFib and heart failure.
Potent corticosteroid for severe inflammation, brain edema, and severe COVID-19.
Hyaluronic acid injections to restore facial volume and fill wrinkles.
IL-4/IL-13 antagonist biologic for atopic dermatitis, asthma, nasal polyposis.
Broad-spectrum tetracycline for rosacea, acne, and Lyme disease.
Placing a titanium artificial root in the jawbone to support a prosthetic tooth.
Difficulty swallowing food or liquids. Causes: GERD, tumor, achalasia.
Slurred speech from muscle weakness. Emergency stroke sign.
Difficulty or perceived shortness of breathing; may indicate cardiac, pulmonary, or hematologic disease.
Vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.
E
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for critical respiratory or cardiac failure.
Electrical brain stimulation under anesthesia, effective for refractory depression.
Lung cancer mutation responsive to osimertinib.
For IBS-D.
Effective psychotherapy for PTSD.
SGLT2 inhibitor lowering glucose and protecting heart and kidneys; marketed as Jardiance.
Subcutaneous LMWH for DVT/PE prophylaxis and treatment.
Endoscopic procedure of biliary and pancreatic ducts to remove stones and treat strictures.
Monthly anti-CGRP biologic for migraine prevention.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, chronic inflammation marker.
Most important female hormone. Measured in fertility and menopause.
Weekly anti-TNF biologic for RA and psoriasis.
Inserting endotracheal tube to secure airway.
Specialty in emergency situations and life support.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for depression and anxiety disorders.
PPI stronger than omeprazole; marketed as Nexium.
Outer skin layer containing melanin and preventing water loss.
Muscular tube from mouth to stomach, transporting food via peristalsis.
Test of nerves and muscles diagnosing neuropathy and carpal tunnel.
Test recording brain electrical activity; used for epilepsy and sleep disorders.
A test recording the heart's electrical activity via chest and limb electrodes; detects ischemia, MI, and arrhythmias.
Cardiac ultrasound assessing structure, valves, and left ventricular ejection fraction.
Tissue fluid accumulation; common in feet from heart or kidney failure.
F
Dual anti-VEGF/anti-Ang-2 for AMD and DME.
Fasting glucose test for diabetes diagnosis. ≥126 mg/dL indicates diabetes.
Non-sedating antihistamine for allergies.
Oral antifungal, most used for vaginal and athlete's foot candidiasis.
Common intranasal corticosteroid for allergies.
Essential preconception vitamin to prevent neural tube defects.
Pituitary hormone stimulating ovaries/testes.
Oral iron supplement for iron deficiency anemia.
Comprehensive specialty caring for families across all ages.
Persistent physical and mental exhaustion; nonspecific symptom of anemia, hypothyroidism, depression, or poor sleep.
Immediate injury care before medical professional arrives.
Body temperature elevation above 38°C (100.4°F); a common sign of infection or inflammation.
Smaller lateral lower leg bone.
Largest brain lobe responsible for planning, decision-making, movement, and personality.
The first SSRI; used for depression, bulimia, PMDD, and OCD.
Potent loop diuretic for CHF and ascites.
5-α reductase inhibitor used for androgenetic alopecia and BPH.
Fever-associated seizure in children 6 months–5 years. Usually benign.
Cellular sampling with a fine needle for diagnosing nodules of glands, breast, and thyroid.
Largest and strongest bone in body.
Tube connecting ovary to uterus where fertilization occurs.
Annual influenza vaccine.
G
Precision-targeted radiation for brain tumors and AVMs.
Measure of food's effect on blood glucose. Important for diabetics.
Specialty in abdominal, hernia, gallbladder, appendix, breast surgery.
Body-wide itching. Causes: dermatologic, hepatic, renal, psychogenic.
Small sac under the liver storing bile before its release into the intestine.
Bariatric procedure creating a small gastric pouch connected to distal small bowel; greater weight loss than sleeve.
Generalized muscle weakness, nonspecific symptom.
Antiepileptic also used for neuropathic pain and sciatica.
H
Heart transplant from deceased donor for end-stage HF.
IV anticoagulant. UFH or LMWH (enoxaparin).
Laser enucleation of prostate, effective for large BPH.
Ambulatory 24–48 h ECG for arrhythmia detection.
High-pressure oxygen for CO poisoning, wounds, ischemia.
Surgical removal of uterus for various medical reasons.
Hip pain. Causes: osteoarthritis, bursitis, AVN.
Test detecting high-risk human papillomavirus in the cervix.
Specialty in blood and bone marrow disorders.
Test reflecting average blood glucose over past 3 months; ≥6.5% indicates diabetes.
Head pain; may be tension-type, migraine, cluster, or secondary to medical conditions.
Upper arm bone.
A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through the body. Composed of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
Vomiting blood. Emergency. Causes: ulcer, varices, Mallory-Weiss.
Dermal structure producing hair; androgen-sensitive in androgenetic alopecia.
Surgery replacing damaged hip joint with an artificial prosthesis.
Procedure inspecting uterine cavity with a scope. Used for bleeding diagnosis and polyp removal.
Transferring hair follicles from donor area (back of head) to bald areas via FUE or DHI.
Procedure filtering blood externally in kidney failure patients three times weekly.
Vaccine against hepatitis B, given to newborns.
Vaccine against H. influenzae b for meningitis prevention.
Vaccine against HPV for prevention of cervical, oral, and anal cancers.
Antimalarial used in lupus and RA to dampen autoimmune inflammation.
Thiazide diuretic for hypertension.
I
Implanted device shocking the heart to terminate dangerous arrhythmia.
Allergy test, elevated in asthma, eczema, food allergies.
Anti-TNF-α IV biologic for RA, Crohn's, psoriasis, UC.
Standardized clotting ratio used to monitor warfarin therapy.
Broad-spectrum antifungal for onychomycosis and systemic mycoses.
Antiparasitic for scabies, lice, onchocerciasis.
IV antibodies for various immune disorders.
Fertilizing eggs with sperm outside the body and transferring embryos into the uterus.
Specialty for adult internal diseases: cardiac, renal, pulmonary, GI, endocrine.
Pancreatic hormone driving glucose into cells; given exogenously in type 1 diabetes and advanced type 2.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for pain, fever, and inflammation. Take with food to avoid ulcers.
Injecting a single sperm directly into an oocyte; used for severe male factor infertility.
Small intestinal projections increasing absorption surface.
Final part of small intestine.
Large vein draining blood from abdomen and legs to heart.
Sensation of irregular heartbeats. Possible AFib marker.
J
K
Mutation in colon and lung cancers. KRAS G12C responds to sotorasib.
Knee pain. Causes: osteoarthritis, ligaments, meniscus.
Paired organ filtering blood, producing urine, and regulating electrolytes and BP.
Surgery replacing an arthritic joint with a metal-and-polyethylene prosthesis.
Needle biopsy of kidney for diagnosis of complex renal disease.
Surgery transplanting a kidney from a living or deceased donor to a kidney failure patient.
L
ARB + diuretic combination for hypertension.
Prostaglandin eye drop for glaucoma, most commonly used.
Anti-amyloid immunotherapy for early Alzheimer's.
Pituitary hormone triggering ovulation and testosterone production.
GC-C agonist for IBS-C and chronic constipation.
Amphetamine prodrug stimulant for ADHD and BED.
Classic mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder. Strong antisuicidal effect.
Antidiarrheal slowing intestinal motility.
Second-gen non-sedating antihistamine.
Tumor excision with small breast margin.
Mechanical device supporting heart pumping in severe heart failure.
Lumbar puncture for CSF sampling.
Removing the inflamed appendix laparoscopically.
Removing the gallbladder via small laparoscopic ports; most common procedure for gallstones.
Heart chamber receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.
Spinal fluid sampling via needle from the lower back; diagnoses meningitis and CNS disorders.
The largest of the four heart chambers, pumping oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta.
Laser refractive surgery correcting myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.
Paired respiratory organ exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. Right has 3 lobes, left has 2.
Connective tissue connecting bone to bone and stabilizing joints.
Small nodes distributed across the body, filtering lymph and housing immune cells.
5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) in lower back.
Largest gland in the body, performing over 500 functions including drug metabolism, protein and bile production.
Sampling lymph node for lymphoma and cancer diagnosis.
Needle sampling of liver tissue for chronic liver disease diagnosis.
Surgery transplanting a whole or partial liver into a patient with end-stage liver disease.
Test measuring total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides to assess cardiovascular risk.
Transparent lens behind the pupil focusing light on the retina; opacification causes cataract.
Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer. Requires slow titration to avoid SJS.
Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) for BP, with renal protection in diabetes.
ACE inhibitor lowering BP and protecting heart and kidneys.
Synthetic thyroid hormone replacing in hypothyroidism. Taken in the morning on an empty stomach.
Broad-spectrum antiepileptic, pregnancy-safe with mild side effects.
Tests including ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, and albumin.
M
Breast removal for cancer treatment.
Myosin inhibitor for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Machine-assisted breathing in respiratory failure.
Hormone used for sleep disorders and circadian rhythm modulation.
NMDA antagonist for moderate/severe Alzheimer's.
First-line for UC and Crohn's, oral and rectal forms.
Long-acting opioid for opioid use disorder.
Cornerstone DMARD for RA and psoriasis. Low weekly dose.
CNS stimulant for ADHD treatment.
Beta-3 agonist for overactive bladder.
Antidepressant improving sleep and appetite.
Mitral valve repair via catheter.
Wakefulness promoter for narcolepsy and shift work disorder.
Intranasal/topical corticosteroid for allergic rhinitis and eczema.
Leukotriene antagonist for asthma and allergic rhinitis.
Marker of tumor responsiveness to immunotherapy.
Topical antibiotic for staph infections, impetigo, and MRSA decolonization.
Transplant immunosuppressant and used in lupus.
Uterine fibroid removal preserving the uterus.
Specialty in cancer treatment with chemo, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
Referring patient to specialist for advanced management.
Persistent morning fatigue. Causes: OSA, depression.
Black stool from upper GI bleeding.
High-resolution radiation-free soft-tissue imaging; ideal for brain, spine, joints.
Three membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord.
Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle preventing backflow of blood.
Strong opioid analgesic for severe pain, used post-surgery and in advanced cancer.
First-line drug for type 2 diabetes; reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity.
Cardio-selective beta blocker used post-MI and in heart failure.
Cornerstone DMARD for RA and psoriasis. Low weekly dose with folate supplementation.
Injectable corticosteroid; IV pulses for severe flares (MS, SLE).
Topical 5% or low-dose oral; stimulates hair growth in androgenetic alopecia.
Breast X-ray for early cancer detection; recommended yearly or biennially from age 40–50.
Excessive forgetfulness. Possible dementia or depression marker.
Vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella.
Antibacterial and antiparasitic for anaerobes and Trichomonas.
Prokinetic and antiemetic.
Centrally-acting antihypertensive, most used in pregnancy.
N
Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine or NAC, is a medication-derived compound related to the amino acid cysteine. It is used in medicine for several important purposes, most notably as a mucolytic agent and as a liver-protective antidote in cases of acetaminophen or paracetamol overdose. Acetylcysteine belongs to a class of medications known as mucolytics, which help reduce the thickness of abnormal or excessive respiratory secretions. By thinning mucus, it may make it easier to cough up phlegm and clear the airways in certain conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, and cystic fibrosis. It is usually used as part of a physician-guided treatment plan and should not be considered a stand-alone treatment for every case of cough or shortness of breath. NAC also plays a major role in emergency medicine, where it is used as an antidote for potentially toxic acetaminophen ingestion. It helps reduce the risk of liver injury by maintaining or restoring glutathione levels, an important antioxidant involved in detoxifying harmful metabolites in the liver. For this reason, acetylcysteine is considered a potentially life-saving medication when given at the right time and by the appropriate route under medical supervision. Acetylcysteine is available in different forms, including inhaled solutions used with a nebulizer, oral formulations, and intravenous preparations for emergency settings. Although it has significant medical benefits, it may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, an unpleasant taste or odor, throat irritation, or bronchospasm in some patients, particularly when inhaled. Intravenous acetylcysteine may occasionally be associated with allergic or allergy-like reactions, including rash, itching, low blood pressure, wheezing, shortness of breath, or bronchospasm, which is why close medical monitoring is required. NAC should not be used to treat poisoning, liver conditions, breathing problems, or as a therapeutic supplement without medical advice, because the dose, route of administration, and duration of treatment vary depending on age, weight, health status, and the reason for use. Overall, acetylcysteine is an important medication that combines mucolytic and antioxidant properties, making it valuable in selected respiratory conditions and drug overdose management.
Emergency antidote for opioid overdose.
Treatment for alcohol and opioid use disorder.
Bundle of nerve fibers transmitting electrical signals between brain and body.
Sensation of impending vomiting; from infection, medications, pregnancy, or GI disorders.
Functional unit of kidney; each kidney has ~1 million.
Calcium channel blocker for hypertension and angina.
O
Therapy restoring daily living skills.
Somatostatin analog for acromegaly, carcinoid, and variceal bleeding.
Painful swallowing. Causes: Candida, viral, or acid esophagitis.
Test measuring body's response to glucose load; diagnoses diabetes and gestational diabetes.
Potent atypical antipsychotic for schizophrenia and bipolar.
Antiviral for influenza, effective within 48 hours of symptom onset.
Anticholinergic for overactive bladder.
Anti-IgE biologic for severe allergic asthma and chronic urticaria.
Effective antiemetic, widely used in pregnancy and chemotherapy.
Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) reducing gastric acid; used for GERD and ulcers.
Cranial nerve II, transmitting visual signals from retina to brain.
Female gonad producing eggs and estrogen/progesterone hormones.
Specialty correcting tooth and jaw alignment with metal braces or clear aligners (Invisalign).
P
Cervical cytology screening for cervical cancer.
Cervical cytology to detect early cervical cancer.
Drainage of ascitic fluid.
Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, antiviral approved for COVID-19.
Marker of tumor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Drainage of pericardial fluid in tamponade.
Functional imaging using radioactive glucose; essential for cancer diagnosis and staging.
Cholinergic drop for angle-closure glaucoma and Sjögren's xerostomia.
Plasma exchange to remove autoantibodies in GBS, MG, TTP.
Excessive thirst. Diabetes sign.
Excessive hunger. Diabetes sign.
Frequent urination. Common diabetes sign.
Bacterial infection marker, helps distinguish bacterial from viral infection.
Female hormone preparing uterus for pregnancy.
Lactation hormone. Elevation causes menstrual issues and infertility.
5HT4 agonist for chronic constipation.
Blood test measuring a prostatic protein; used for prostate cancer screening.
Nasal decongestant.
Urine or blood hCG test confirming pregnancy.
Comprehensive sleep recording for OSA and other sleep disorders.
Test measuring lung volume and function. Used in asthma and COPD.
The most widely used analgesic and antipyretic. Safe at recommended doses (4 g/day in adults).
Male gland surrounding the urethra producing part of seminal fluid; enlarges with age.
Oral corticosteroid for asthma, allergies, and autoimmune flares.
Gland behind the stomach producing digestive enzymes and hormones (insulin, glucagon).
Double membrane enveloping the heart.
Double membrane covering lung and lining chest wall.
Membrane lining abdominal cavity and covering organs.
Bony ring connecting spine to legs.
Round bone in front of knee.
Artery carrying blood from right ventricle to lungs.
Specialty using exercises, heat, electrotherapy, and massage for rehabilitation post-injury/surgery.
Small gland at the base of the brain controlling other endocrine glands; called the master gland.
Veins returning oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium.
Antiepileptic for neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and GAD.
PD-1 inhibitor immunotherapy effective in melanoma, lung, bladder, and many other cancers.
Combined functional and anatomic imaging for cancer staging and treatment response.
Pins-and-needles or numbness sensation; usually indicates neuropathy.
Hand/foot numbness. Causes: diabetic neuropathy, B12 deficiency, carpal tunnel.
Light sensitivity. Possible sign of meningitis, uveitis, migraine.
Injecting patient's own platelet-rich plasma for hair, joints, and facial rejuvenation.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Types: PCV13, PCV15, PCV20.
Q
R
Radical prostate removal for prostate cancer.
Intravitreal anti-VEGF for AMD and diabetic retinopathy.
Lens replacement for high hyperopia correction.
IV antiviral for COVID-19.
Renal needle biopsy for diagnosis.
Autoantibodies in RA.
Oral gepant for acute and preventive migraine treatment.
Anti-IL-23 biologic for psoriasis, PsA, Crohn's.
Atypical antipsychotic for schizophrenia, bipolar, and autism.
Specialty in cancer radiation therapy.
Eye redness. Causes: conjunctivitis, glaucoma, uveitis.
Heart chamber receiving deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava.
12 pairs of ribs protecting heart and lungs.
Heart chamber pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
Central kidney area collecting urine before ureter.
Most potent statin, lowering LDL by 50%+.
Once-daily DOAC for atrial fibrillation and VTE.
Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye.
Skin color or texture change; may be viral, allergic, or autoimmune.
One of the two forearm bones, on thumb side.
Last intestinal segment before the anus, storing feces before defecation.
Anti-CD20 biologic for lymphoma, RA, lupus, and various autoimmune diseases.
Oral vaccine against rotavirus for severe pediatric diarrhea prevention.
Tests measuring kidney efficiency via creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate.
S
ARNI for HFrEF, superior to ACE inhibitors.
Anti-IL-17 biologic for psoriasis, PsA, and AS.
Laser to lower IOP in glaucoma.
Sentinel node biopsy to stage breast cancer and melanoma.
ICS + LABA combination for asthma and COPD.
Modern laser refractive surgery with small incision; faster recovery than LASIK.
Treatment of speech, language, and swallowing disorders.
Implanted device stimulating spinal cord for chronic pain relief.
Autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplant for leukemia and MM.
High-dose precision body radiation for small tumors.
DMARD used for RA and ulcerative colitis.
Triptan for acute migraine attacks.
ICS + LABA combination for asthma and COPD control.
Shoulder pain. Causes: tendinitis, impingement, frozen shoulder.
Weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist for HbA1c and weight reduction in type 2 diabetes and obesity (Wegovy).
Specialty in cancer surgery.
Throat pain, very common. Causes: viral, bacterial, allergic.
Sudden vision loss. Emergency. Causes: retinal detachment, retinal artery occlusion.
Long tube (~6 m) divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; main site of digestion and absorption.
Largest organ of the body, covering and protecting it. Three layers: epidermis, dermis, subcutis.
Bony structure protecting the brain. Composed of 22 bones.
Short-acting bronchodilator (SABA) for acute asthma attacks.
Potassium-sparing diuretic used in heart failure, ascites, and female hirsutism.
PDE5 inhibitor improving erection; onset 30–60 min, duration 4–6 hours.
Common SSRI for depression, panic disorder, OCD, and PTSD.
Lymphatic organ in left upper abdomen filtering blood and producing immune cells.
Triangular bone at base of spine.
Largest nerve in the body, extending from lower back to the foot.
Circular muscle regulating body openings.
Voluntary muscles attached to bones via tendons, responsible for movement.
Muscular digestive organ receiving food from the esophagus and mixing with acid and enzymes.
Part of CNS extending from the brain through the vertebral column, transmitting signals between body and brain.
Large vein draining blood from head and chest to right atrium.
Placing a mesh tube to open and stabilize a narrowed coronary artery.
Lower colon endoscopy.
Bariatric procedure reducing stomach size by ~75% laparoscopically.
Long bone in middle of chest.
Vaccine against shingles for ages ≥50.
Triangular bone at back of shoulder.
T
Post-transplant immunosuppressant; topical for eczema.
TTR stabilizer for cardiac amyloidosis.
Alpha-1 blocker for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Aortic valve replacement via catheter without sternotomy.
Oral/topical antifungal, most effective for onychomycosis.
Main male hormone, measured for ED and infertility.
Drainage of pleural effusion.
Test assessing body's response to postural changes in syncope.
Beta blocker eye drop for IOP reduction.
Ringing in ears. Causes: hearing loss, cerumen, noise exposure.
Magnetic brain stimulation for depression and OCD.
Anti-IL-6 biologic for RA, GCA, and CRS.
Oral JAK1/3 inhibitor for RA, UC, PsA.
Surgical removal of tonsils.
Classic glaucoma surgery creating an aqueous outflow.
Surgical airway opening for breathing.
Antifibrinolytic reducing bleeding in surgery, menorrhagia, and childbirth.
Antidepressant commonly used at low doses for insomnia.
Patient prioritization for treatment in emergency.
Most important test for thyroid function.
Endoscopic prostate removal for BPH.
Middle ear ventilation tubes for fluid drainage in children.
Test of eardrum mobility, detects middle ear effusion.
Cardiac protein elevated in MI; used for ED diagnosis.
Remote medical consultation via video or chat.
Long-acting PDE5 inhibitor (36 h); for ED and BPH.
Mild opioid analgesic for moderate-to-severe pain; lower dependence risk than morphine but still present.
Specialty in chest and lung surgery.
Male gonad producing sperm and testosterone.
Butterfly-shaped gland anterior to the neck producing T3/T4 hormones regulating metabolism.
Gland in upper chest crucial for T-cell maturation in childhood.
Brain lobe responsible for hearing, language, and memory.
12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
Tube connecting larynx to bronchi, allowing airflow to the lungs.
Connective tissue attaching muscle to bone.
HER2-targeted biologic for breast and gastric cancer.
Antiepileptic also used for migraine prophylaxis and weight loss.
Weekly dual GLP-1/GIP agonist, currently the most potent agent for obesity (Zepbound) and type 2 diabetes.
Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) for COPD and severe asthma.
Surgical occlusion of fallopian tubes as permanent female sterilization.
Large lower leg bone.
Tests evaluating thyroid function via TSH and thyroxine (T4).
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Oral JAK1 inhibitor for RA, PsA, AS, AD, UC, Crohn's.
Anti-IL-12/23 biologic for psoriasis, Crohn's, UC.
Urine analysis detecting infection, glucose, protein, blood, and ketones.
Tube carrying urine from bladder to the exterior.
Tube connecting kidney to bladder, transporting urine by peristalsis.
Muscular organ in the female pelvis that houses the fetus during pregnancy.
One of the two forearm bones, on pinky side.
Safe radiation-free imaging used in pregnancy, abdomen, glands, vessels, and heart.
Procedure examining esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope; used for ulcer, GERD diagnosis, and biopsy.
Urine culture identifying UTI-causing bacteria and antibiotic sensitivities.
Rapid weight gain without obvious cause. Causes: hypothyroidism, Cushing, medications.
Loss of >5% body weight over 6 months unintentionally. Requires evaluation.
V
Device stimulating vagus nerve for refractory epilepsy and depression.
Improved Acyclovir prodrug, once-daily dosing.
First-line smoking cessation therapy.
SNRI for depression, GAD, and panic disorder.
Warfarin antidote and neonatal hemorrhagic disease prevention.
Vitreous removal for retinopathy or hemorrhage.
Blood vessels returning deoxygenated blood to the heart; contain valves preventing backflow.
Vaccine administration to stimulate immunity against infectious diseases.
Specialty in vascular surgery.
Spinning sensation; may be peripheral (BPPV) or central (CNS).
Expulsion of gastric contents; may be benign or indicate a serious problem (obstruction, bleeding).
Medical preparation stimulating immune system against specific pathogen.
Birth via the vaginal canal; preferred mode in uncomplicated pregnancy.
Ultrasound assessing arterial/venous blood flow and detecting stenosis or clots.
Antiepileptic and mood stabilizer. Contraindicated in women of childbearing age.
Minor surgery cutting vas deferens as permanent male sterilization.
Vaccine against chickenpox.