Genital Herpes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

Both herpes simplex virus types can cause genital infection. A first recognized outbreak does not establish when infection was acquired or from whom, and does not prove recent acquisition.

Related reading: Syphilis: another cause of genital ulcers.

Blisters, ulcers, burning or painful urination may occur, sometimes with fever during a first episode. Tingling or itching may precede recurrence; symptoms can be mild or nonspecific.

Transmission occurs through direct skin or mucosal contact during sexual activity, including when no sore is visible. Infection can pass to a newborn around delivery, especially with new infection close to birth.

Contact with an infected partner increases risk even without visible symptoms. Reduced immunity may worsen outbreaks; testing and prevention are tailored to medical history.

An active lesion can be swabbed, preferably with an appropriate molecular test. Antibody tests have selected uses and false-result limitations; routine population-wide screening is not recommended.

Clinicians select episodic or suppressive antivirals according to recurrence, pregnancy and kidney function. Gentle local care and appropriate pain relief help. Antibiotics do not treat the virus.

Recurrent outbreaks may cause pain and emotional distress. Newborn infection can be serious, but adult infection does not mean that a fulfilling sexual life or safe pregnancy is impossible.

Avoid sexual contact during sores or warning symptoms and discuss infection with partners. Condoms reduce risk but do not cover all affected skin; suppressive therapy may provide additional risk reduction.