Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

Immature cells accumulate and affect red cells, infection-fighting cells and platelets. Genetic subtypes differ, so one regimen cannot represent every case or age group.

Related reading: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a different subtype.

Pallor, fatigue, fever, infection, bruising or gum and nose bleeding may develop over weeks. These symptoms are not specific to cancer but need medical explanation.

Genetic changes develop in blood-forming cells. Disease may arise without a known cause or after another marrow disorder, previous cancer treatment or certain exposures.

Age, smoking, some previous cancer treatments, marrow disorders and certain inherited syndromes increase risk. Many people have no clear risk factor; a risk factor alone does not establish disease.

Blood counts and a blood film lead to marrow examination, cell-marker studies and genetic testing. Results establish subtype and guide care; one symptom or count cannot diagnose AML alone.

Treatment may involve intensive chemotherapy or less intensive combinations, mutation-directed medicines, supportive care and sometimes stem cell transplantation. Certain subtypes, including acute promyelocytic leukemia, need a distinct urgent approach.

Disease and treatment may cause serious infection, bleeding, anemia and metabolic disturbances. Follow-up monitors response, residual disease, later adverse effects and emotional support needs.

Not every case can be prevented. Avoid tobacco and unsafe occupational exposure to harmful chemicals. Do not avoid necessary treatment or medical imaging because of a generalized leukemia fear.