Medical Conditions Library

Kyphosis is an excessive forward curvature of the upper spine that makes the back rounded or hunched. Its causes are poor posture in adolescents, osteoporosis in older adults, or a congenital deformity. It is managed with exercise and physiotherapy, and may need a brace or surgery in severe cases.

Scoliosis is an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine in an S or C shape, often appearing during the growth period before puberty. Most cases are mild and monitored, moderate ones may need a brace, and severe ones surgery. Early detection is important to track progression and prevent worsening.

Cervical spondylosis is age-related degenerative changes in the neck vertebrae, discs, and joints, very common with aging. Much of it is symptomless, and it may cause neck pain and stiffness, and sometimes pressure on the nerves causing numbness or weakness in the arm. Most of it is managed with physical therapy, exercises, and medications, and it rarely needs surgery.

Tailbone pain. Causes: falls, childbirth, prolonged sitting. Treated with donut cushions, NSAIDs, and steroid injections.

Spondylolisthesis is a condition in which a vertebra of the spine slips forward over the one below it, often in the lower back. Its causes are degenerative with age, congenital, or stress-related in athletes. Much of it is symptomless, and it may cause back pain, stiffness, and sometimes pain radiating to the leg. Most of it is managed with physical therapy and exercises, and it rarely needs surgery.

Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the canal that contains the spinal cord and nerves in the spine, often due to age-related changes, pressing on the nerves. It most often affects the neck and lower back. Its symptoms are pain, numbness, and weakness in the limbs that increase with walking or standing and ease with bending or sitting. It is managed with physical therapy and medications, and sometimes surgery.

Persistent pain after spine surgery. Treated with spinal cord stimulator, injections, and PT.

Persistent neck pain >3 months. Causes: mechanical, inflammation, or disc disease. Conservative then interventional.

Cauda equina syndrome is a surgical emergency caused by compression of the lumbar nerve roots, causing lower limb weakness, saddle anesthesia, and loss of bladder and bowel control requiring urgent surgical decompression.

Sciatica is pain radiating along the sciatic nerve from lower back to the foot, usually caused by nerve root compression. Over 90% of cases improve with conservative treatment including rest, physical therapy, and pain relief medications.

A herniated disc occurs when the soft inner core of an intervertebral disc pushes through the outer layer, compressing nearby nerves and causing severe pain, numbness, and weakness. Treatment begins with conservative care, progressing to injections or surgery if necessary.

Clubfoot is a common congenital deformity in which the newborn's foot is abnormally twisted inward and downward. It is not painful for the infant but needs early treatment, and the most effective method is the Ponseti method (sequential casts) that gradually corrects the foot with high success without major surgery.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants is a condition in which the head of the femur does not properly settle in the hip socket from birth, so the joint is unstable or dislocated. Early detection by examination and ultrasound is very important, and early treatment with a special harness is highly effective and avoids permanent problems.

Perthes disease is a childhood condition in which blood supply to the head of the femur in the hip joint is temporarily disrupted, so part of the bone dies then is slowly rebuilt. It causes limping and pain in the hip or knee in children. Treatment preserves the joint shape during recovery, and early detection is important.

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis is a hip condition in adolescence in which the head of the femur slips off its position at the growth plate. It causes hip, thigh, or knee pain and limping. It usually needs urgent surgical intervention to stabilize the joint and prevent permanent complications.

Hallux valgus (bunion) is a deformity of the big-toe joint in which the toe leans toward the other toes and the joint protrudes sideways forming a painful bony bump. It worsens with tight shoes. It is managed with comfortable footwear and padding, and may need surgery in severe painful cases.

Morton's neuroma is a thickening and fibrosis around a nerve between the toes (often the third and fourth), causing burning pain, numbness, and a sensation of a pebble under the ball of the foot. Tight shoes and high heels contribute. It is managed with comfortable footwear, padding, and injections, with surgery in resistant cases.

Compression of rotator cuff tendons beneath the acromion. Treated with PT, injections, or subacromial decompression surgery.

Frozen shoulder is a condition in which the shoulder joint gradually becomes painful and stiff with severe movement limitation, due to fibrosis and contraction of the capsule surrounding the joint. It goes through three stages (freezing, frozen, then thawing), and most of it improves over months to years with physical therapy and exercises, rarely needing intervention.

Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain, resulting from irritation of the thick ligament running under the foot. Its characteristic sign is sharp heel pain with the first steps in the morning that eases with movement. Most of it improves with exercises, stretching, supportive shoes, and relative rest, and it rarely needs advanced interventions.

Rotator cuff tendinopathy (shoulder pain) is irritation or damage to the tendons of the muscles that move and stabilize the shoulder, among the most common causes of shoulder pain. It results from repeated strain, overhead movements, or aging. Its symptoms are shoulder pain that increases with lifting, arm weakness, and night pain. Most of it improves with relative rest and physical therapy, and it sometimes needs intervention.

Acute bone resorption in foot from diabetic neuropathy. Treated with offloading and special footwear.

Diabetic foot is a serious complication of diabetes resulting from nerve damage and poor circulation, so foot sensation decreases and wounds heal slowly, making it prone to ulcers, infection, and possibly amputation. Prevention through daily care, sugar control, and early detection protects the foot from complications.

Type 2 diabetes complication with glucose >600 and severe dehydration. Treated with fluids and insulin.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious, emergency complication of diabetes that occurs with severe insulin deficiency, so the body burns fat and produces acidic ketones that build up in the blood. Its symptoms are thirst, heavy urination, nausea, rapid breathing, and a distinctive breath odor. It is a life-threatening condition needing urgent hospital treatment.

Hypoglycemia is a drop in blood glucose below normal, common in people with diabetes treated with insulin or some medications. Its symptoms are shakiness, sweating, hunger, and dizziness, and it may progress to loss of consciousness. It is treated immediately by taking fast sugar, with prevention through balancing treatment and meals.

Rare hereditary diabetes with distinct patterns. Some types respond to sulfonylureas without insulin.

Hyperglycemia from corticosteroids. Treated with metformin and insulin.

Aldosterone excess causing hypertension and hypokalemia. Treated with spironolactone or adrenalectomy.

Hereditary cortisol synthesis disorder. Treated with hydrocortisone and sometimes mineralocorticoids.

Adrenal tumor secreting catecholamines, causing paroxysmal hypertension and palpitations. Treated with surgical excision.

Gastrinoma secreting gastrin, causing multiple peptic ulcers. Treated with high-dose PPIs and surgery.

Pituitary adenomas are tumors arising in the pituitary gland, most of which are benign. They may secrete excess hormones or press on surrounding structures, causing hormonal disturbances or vision problems. They are treated with medication, trans-nasal surgery, or radiation depending on the type.

Cushing-like features from obesity, depression, or alcohol. Treated by addressing cause.

Hypercalcemia is a higher-than-normal calcium concentration, most often caused by overactive parathyroid glands and some cancers. It may be symptomless or cause thirst, frequent urination, constipation, fatigue, confusion, and kidney stones. It is treated by addressing the cause, hydration, and medications to lower calcium.

Low serum calcium. Symptoms: paresthesia, spasms, seizures. Treated with calcium and vitamin D.

Pituitary insufficiency after severe postpartum hemorrhage. Treated with lifelong pituitary hormone replacement.

Absence of puberty signs after age 13 (girls) or 14 (boys). Treated with sex hormones.

Puberty signs before age 8 (girls) or 9 (boys). Treated with GnRH agonists (Lupron, Triptodur).

Short stature from GH deficiency. Treated with daily GH injections (somatropin) for children and adults.

Genetic disorder with hyperphagia, obesity, short stature, intellectual disability. Treated with growth hormone and strict weight management.

BMI ≥30 with comorbidity (diabetes, hypertension, NAFLD). Treated with potent weight drugs and bariatric surgery.

Abdominal fat accumulation (waist >102 cm men, >88 cm women), higher risk than general obesity. Managed as metabolic syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) in males causes hypogonadism, infertility, and varied stature. Treated with testosterone replacement.

Turner syndrome (45,X) in females causes short stature, delayed puberty, and infertility. Treated with growth hormone and estrogen replacement.

Parathyroid disorders cause hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. Primary hyperparathyroidism usually requires adenoma removal; hypoparathyroidism is treated with calcium + calcitriol.

Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder caused by excess growth hormone secretion in adults, producing progressive enlargement of the face, hands, feet, and internal organs with serious metabolic and cardiovascular complications.

Hypopituitarism is deficiency of pituitary hormones. Managed by replacing each deficient hormone (levothyroxine, hydrocortisone, testosterone, GH).

Diabetes insipidus features polyuria and polydipsia from ADH deficiency or resistance. Central DI is treated with desmopressin.

Male hypogonadism is testosterone deficiency causing erectile dysfunction, fatigue, and muscle loss. Treated with testosterone replacement (gel/injection/implant).

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions including abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol levels, significantly increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications prescribed by a healthcare provider.

Hyperprolactinemia is an elevated level of prolactin hormone in the blood, usually caused by a benign pituitary tumor or medications, leading to menstrual irregularities, erectile dysfunction, and infertility. Treatment includes oral medications like cabergoline or surgery in severe cases.

Simple goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland without hormonal imbalance, usually caused by iodine deficiency. It appears as a swelling in the neck and is treated with iodine supplements or surgery when symptomatic.

Addison's Disease is primary adrenal insufficiency causing low cortisol and aldosterone, leading to fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and skin darkening. Treatment involves lifelong hormone replacement therapy under specialist supervision.

Cushing's Syndrome is a rare condition caused by chronically elevated cortisol levels due to steroid medications or hormone-secreting tumors. Treatment depends on the cause and may include stopping medications, surgery, or cortisol-lowering drugs.

Vitamin D deficiency is a common condition in Jordan where levels of this essential vitamin drop in the blood, causing bone and muscle pain, fatigue, and weakness. Treatment involves vitamin D3 supplements and monitoring blood levels to reach a safe and healthy range.

Osteoporosis weakens bone density, increasing fracture risk, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist. Treatment includes calcium, vitamin D, and medications like bisphosphonates, combined with lifestyle modifications and exercise.

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excess body fat accumulation (BMI ≥30), increasing the risk of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, cancer, and joint problems. It is treated through lifestyle changes, modern medications, and bariatric surgery when needed.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting reproductive-aged women, characterized by irregular periods, elevated androgens, and multiple ovarian cysts. Treatment includes lifestyle modifications, hormonal medications, and fertility-focused therapies.

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces excess hormones, accelerating metabolism and causing weight loss, heart palpitations, and anxiety. Treatment includes anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery depending on the cause and severity.

Hypothyroidism is a chronic condition where the thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones, slowing metabolism and causing fatigue, weight gain, and cold sensitivity. Treatment involves daily levothyroxine supplementation for life, with periodic blood test monitoring.

Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, halting insulin production completely. It typically affects children and adolescents and requires daily insulin injections for life with careful blood glucose monitoring.

Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin or produces insufficient amounts, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. It is managed through a balanced diet, exercise, oral medications, and sometimes insulin therapy.

Leg ulcers from venous or arterial insufficiency. Treated with compression dressings and treating cause.

Finger artery constriction with cold or stress, causing pallor and pain. Treated with calcium channel blockers.

Limb artery narrowing causing intermittent claudication. Treated with ABI, exercise, cilostazol, PCI, or bypass.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a pathological dilation of the abdominal aorta that risks catastrophic rupture with life-threatening hemorrhage requiring emergency surgery.

Aortic dissection is an acute tear in the inner layer of the aortic wall allowing blood to surge between the layers, representing a life-threatening vascular emergency.

Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins that usually appear in the legs due to weak vein valves and pooling of blood, causing heaviness, pain, and swelling. They are common especially with prolonged standing and pregnancy, and are managed with lifestyle changes, compression stockings, and modern interventional procedures.

Deep vein thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg, causing pain, swelling, and redness. Its danger is that it may break off and reach the lung, causing a life-threatening pulmonary embolism. It is treated with anticoagulants, and prevention matters after surgery and long travel.

Pressure ulcers from prolonged immobility. Treated with wound care and pressure relief.

Localized muscle pain with trigger points. Treated with PT and trigger point injections.

Pain in muscles, bones, ligaments — most common health complaint. Treated with PT, NSAIDs, and cause-specific therapy.

Fistula between bladder and vagina, common after surgery or childbirth. Treated surgically.

Upper genital tract infection in women. Treated with combination antibiotics.

PCOS in adolescents. Treated with OCPs and metformin.

Absence of ovulation, common infertility cause. Treated with letrozole or clomiphene for ovulation induction.

Intrauterine adhesions after D&C or infection causing amenorrhea and infertility. Treated with hysteroscopic adhesiolysis.

Adenomyosis is the growth of endometrial glands and stroma within the uterine muscle wall, causing severe dysmenorrhea, heavy menstrual bleeding, and uterine enlargement.

Menstrual pain from underlying disease (endometriosis, fibroids, adenomyosis). Treated by addressing the cause.

Vaginal yeast infection is a very common fungal inflammation caused by overgrowth of Candida fungus in the vagina. Its symptoms are itching, burning, thick white discharge, and redness. It is usually not a sexually transmitted infection. It is treated with topical or oral antifungals and often responds quickly. Frequent recurrence deserves evaluation of predisposing causes.

Bacterial vaginosis is an imbalance in the natural bacteria of the vagina, where some bacteria increase at the expense of beneficial ones. Its most famous sign is thin gray discharge with a characteristic fishy odor, especially after intercourse. It is common and not a sexually transmitted infection in the traditional sense. It is treated with antibiotics and tends to recur. Its evaluation is important to distinguish it from other infections.

Pregnancy with multiple fetuses. Higher preterm and complication risk. Requires close surveillance.

Ectopic pregnancy is implantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterine cavity, often in the fallopian tube, so it cannot continue and threatens the mother's life if it ruptures. Its signs are one-sided abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and dizziness in early pregnancy. It is an emergency needing prompt diagnosis and treatment with medication or surgery.

Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of pregnancy before week 20, more common than thought and usually not due to a mistake by the mother. Its main signs are vaginal bleeding and cramps. Most of it results from a random chromosomal abnormality in the fetus. Medical and emotional support is important, and most women conceive successfully later.

Seizures in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. Emergency requiring magnesium sulfate and urgent delivery.

Preeclampsia is a serious complication appearing after mid-pregnancy, characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine or organ involvement. Its signs are severe headache, vision disturbance, swelling, and upper abdominal pain. It threatens the mother and fetus and needs close monitoring, and the definitive treatment is timely delivery.

Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar appearing for the first time during pregnancy due to placental hormones that resist insulin. It is often symptomless and detected by a routine test. Most of it is controlled with diet, exercise, and sometimes insulin, and usually resolves after delivery, but raises the mother's later diabetes risk and needs follow-up.

≥500 mL after vaginal delivery or ≥1000 mL after cesarean. Major cause of maternal mortality. Urgent treatment.

Female urinary incontinence is stress, urge, or mixed. Treated with pelvic floor exercises, medications, or surgery (slings, bulking agents).

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of physical and psychological symptoms appearing in the days before menstruation and resolving with its onset or after, such as bloating, breast pain, mood swings, tension, and fatigue. It is very common and varies in severity. It is relieved with a healthy lifestyle and sometimes medications. Very severe symptoms may be a harder form requiring evaluation.

Dysmenorrhea (period pain) is painful cramps in the lower abdomen accompanying menstruation, and is very common among women. The primary type is benign and due to uterine contraction, while the secondary type results from an underlying disease such as endometriosis. It is relieved by painkillers and warm compresses, and needs evaluation if it is severe or worsening.

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is any deviation from normal menstrual parameters — excessive, irregular, or intermenstrual bleeding — requiring evaluation to exclude malignancy and address underlying causes.

Uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) are very common benign muscular tumors that grow in or around the uterine wall, and are not cancer. Many are symptomless, while some may cause heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, and pressure on the bladder. Management depends on symptoms and the desire to have children, ranging from monitoring to medications and procedures.

Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation for 12 consecutive months, typically around age 50. It causes hot flashes, sleep disruption, vaginal dryness, and bone weakness. Treatment includes hormone therapy or non-hormonal options based on individual needs.

Uterine fibroids are common benign tumors of the uterus causing heavy bleeding, pain, and bladder pressure. Treatment options include medications, minimally invasive procedures, or surgery depending on severity.

Endometriosis is a chronic condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, causing severe pain and infertility. Treatment includes hormonal medications and laparoscopic surgery.

An anal fissure is a small tear in the lining of the anus causing sharp pain during and after defecation with bright red blood. It is usually caused by constipation and hard stool. Most cases heal with more fiber, fluids, and topical creams, and chronic ones may need additional treatment.

An anal fistula is a small abnormal channel that forms between the inside of the anal canal and the surrounding skin, usually after an anal abscess. It causes discharge, pain, and recurrent swelling and does not heal on its own. Treatment is surgical in most cases to close the channel while preserving continence.

Pilonidal disease is a pocket or cyst that forms in the skin at the top of the buttock cleft near the tailbone, often containing hair, and may become inflamed and turn into a painful abscess. It is common in young people, especially males and those who sit a lot. It is treated by draining the abscess when inflamed and surgery to remove the cyst in recurrent cases.

Full-thickness esophageal rupture after severe vomiting. Surgical emergency.

Recurrent abdominal pain from chronic appendiceal inflammation. Appendectomy is definitive.

Burns are tissue injuries caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation, classified by depth and body surface area affected, often requiring urgent assessment and treatment.

A sebaceous cyst is a small benign lump under the skin filled with an oily or keratinous substance, appearing as a soft, slow-growing, usually painless lump, common on the face, neck, and back. It is not cancer. Many do not need treatment, but it may be surgically removed if it grows, bothers, or becomes inflamed. Squeezing it or trying to open it may cause infection.

Benign subcutaneous fatty tumors. Excised surgically if symptomatic or growing.

Bowel obstruction is the failure of intestinal contents to pass through the bowel, representing a surgical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Acute cholecystitis is sudden inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by cystic duct obstruction by a gallstone, presenting with severe right upper quadrant pain, fever, and tenderness.

Appendicitis is acute inflammation of the appendix (a small pouch attached to the large intestine), and is among the most common causes of emergency abdominal pain. Its main symptoms are pain that begins around the navel then moves to the lower right abdomen, with nausea and fever. It is an emergency needing prompt evaluation and usually surgical removal.

Umbilical hernia is bulging at the umbilicus from a defect in the abdominal wall. Closes spontaneously in children; adult cases require surgery.

An inguinal hernia is the protrusion of part of the intestine or tissue through a weak point in the abdominal wall in the groin area, so a bulge appears that increases with standing and effort and disappears when lying down. It is common, especially in men. It is usually painless but may become strangulated, becoming an emergency. The definitive treatment is surgical repair of the abdominal wall.

Gallstones are solid deposits of cholesterol or bilirubin that form inside the gallbladder. They may cause no symptoms but can trigger severe biliary colic and abdominal pain, especially after fatty meals. Treatment involves laparoscopic removal or surgery when symptoms develop.

Hemorrhoids are enlarged veins around the anus causing bright red bleeding, itching, and pain after bowel movements. Treatment includes fiber-rich diet, topical creams, and in severe cases, medical procedures or surgery.

Recurrent dermatitis with eosinophilia. Treated with steroids.

Subtype of vitiligo in a dermatomal pattern. Relatively stable. Treated with melanocyte grafting.

Benign skin rings. Usually self-limited. Treated with topical or intralesional steroids.

Target lesions after HSV or medications. Often self-limited.

Fever and red skin nodules associated with cancer or infection. Rapid response to corticosteroids.

Rapidly expanding skin ulcer of autoimmune nature. Treated with steroids and anti-TNF agents.

Severe dryness with fish-like scales. Treated with intensive emollients and tazarotene.

Lichen planus is a non-contagious inflammatory immune skin disease causing itchy purplish bumps or patches on the skin, and may affect the mouth, nails, and hair. It is chronic, comes in flares, and often improves over time. It is managed with creams and immune-suppressing treatments to ease itching and inflammation.

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory skin disease causing recurrent painful lumps, abscesses, and tunnels under the skin in fold areas such as the armpit, lower abdomen, and groin. It is not an infection or due to poor hygiene. Its diagnosis is often delayed, and early treatment eases pain and prevents scarring.

Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterized by dark, velvety hyperpigmented patches in body folds, usually signaling insulin resistance, obesity, or rarely underlying malignancy.

Sexually transmitted HSV-2 (or HSV-1). Treated with oral acyclovir/valacyclovir. Not curable.

Severe allergic reaction to bee stings, can cause anaphylaxis. Treated with epinephrine and venom immunotherapy.

Allergy to natural rubber proteins, ranging from rash to anaphylaxis. Managed by latex avoidance.

HPV wart on the sole, painful with weight bearing. Treated with cryotherapy, salicylic acid, or laser.

Waxy brown plaques on the legs associated with diabetes. Treated with topical steroids and glycemic control.

Sudden itchy hives lasting <6 weeks, often allergic or post-infectious. Treated with antihistamines.

Skin redness and pain after UV overexposure. Treated with hydration, NSAIDs, and topical hydrocortisone.

Drug-induced rash ranging from mild to life-threatening SJS/TEN.

Head lice are small insects that live on the scalp and feed on blood, very common among schoolchildren and spreading by direct head contact. Their main symptoms are scalp itching and the presence of nits (lice eggs) stuck to the hair. They are not evidence of poor hygiene. They are treated with special preparations and a lice comb, along with treating close contacts.

Scabies is a contagious skin infection caused by a tiny mite that burrows under the skin, producing intense itching that worsens at night and a rash. It spreads by prolonged direct skin contact. It is treated with creams or a medication that kills the mite, with treating all close contacts at the same time and washing clothes and bedding to prevent reinfection.

Impetigo is a superficial, contagious bacterial skin infection common in children, appearing as blisters or honey-colored crusts often around the nose and mouth. It spreads easily by contact. It is treated with topical or oral antibiotics and heals well, with the importance of hygiene and avoiding spreading the infection to others and on one's own body.

Superficial Streptococcal skin infection with sharp borders and fever. Treated with oral or IV penicillin.

Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the deeper layers of the skin and the tissue beneath it, appearing as warm, painful, swollen, spreading redness, often in the leg. It needs antibiotics and may be dangerous if it spreads. Bacteria enter through a wound or crack in the skin. Rapid spread or fever requires urgent care.

Deep hair follicle infection forming a painful nodule. Treated with warm compresses, drainage, and antibiotics.

Pus collection under the skin from bacterial infection (often Staph). Treated with incision and drainage plus antibiotics.

Nail fungus is a common fungal infection affecting the toenails more than the fingernails, making the nail thick, discolored (yellow or brown), brittle, and crumbly. It develops slowly and may be stubborn to treat. It often needs topical or oral antifungals for a long period, with patience and prevention to avoid recurrence.

Warts are benign skin growths caused by the human papillomavirus and spread by contact. They are very common, especially in children, and are usually harmless and may resolve on their own. They have types by their location and shape. Topical treatments and procedures to remove them are available when needed, with the importance of avoiding spreading them.

Hyperhidrosis is the production of sweat in amounts exceeding the body's need to cool itself, so a person sweats profusely even without heat or exertion, often on the palms, feet, and armpits. It is a common condition that may be embarrassing and affect life, and is not dangerous in the primary type. Graded treatments are available, from strong antiperspirants to medications and procedures, to relieve it effectively.

Lichen sclerosus is chronic inflammatory skin disease of the genital area. Treated with potent topical corticosteroids.

Pityriasis rosea is a self-limited rash with a herald patch followed by Christmas-tree distribution; resolves in 6–8 weeks.

Lichen simplex chronicus is chronic skin thickening from repeated scratching. Treated with potent topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and behavioral interventions.

Drug allergy is a mistaken immune reaction to a certain medication, ranging from a rash and mild itching to a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) that threatens life. It differs from the medication's expected side effects. The basis of management is avoiding the causative drug, informing every doctor and pharmacist of it, and carrying an alert card. Anaphylaxis is an emergency needing adrenaline immediately.

Seborrheic dermatitis is a common chronic skin condition affecting areas rich in oil glands such as the scalp and face, causing scaling, redness, and itching. Dandruff is a mild form of it. It is not contagious and not dangerous but tends to recur. It is controlled with medicated shampoos and creams, and avoiding irritants.

Chronic urticaria is the recurrence of itchy red welts (hives) for more than six weeks, often with no identifiable trigger.

Angioedema is a sudden, deep swelling of the skin and mucous membranes affecting the face, lips, throat, and tongue that can be life-threatening when the airway is involved.

Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune blistering disease of skin and mucosa. Treated with corticosteroids and rituximab.

Contact dermatitis is a red, itchy skin rash that appears after the skin touches an irritating or allergenic substance, such as certain metals, detergents, or cosmetics. It improves by avoiding the causative substance and topical treatment, and identifying the allergen is the key to preventing recurrence.

Tinea (ringworm) is a common fungal infection caused by fungi feeding on the outer skin layer, producing itchy, scaly ring-shaped patches. It affects the body, foot (athlete's foot), scalp, and nails. It is contagious and treated with antifungals, with hygiene and dryness preventing it.

Shingles (herpes zoster) is a painful rash caused by reactivation of the dormant chickenpox virus in the nerves, appearing as a band of blisters on one side of the body. It is common after age fifty or with weakened immunity; early antiviral treatment eases pain and complications, and a vaccine is available for prevention.

Herpes simplex is a very common viral infection causing painful sores or blisters, either around the mouth (cold sores) or in the genital area. The virus stays dormant in the body and may reactivate with triggers. There is no definitive cure, but antivirals ease outbreaks and reduce their frequency.

Rosacea is a chronic skin condition characterized by facial redness, visible blood vessels, and acne-like bumps that worsen with heat, alcohol, and spicy foods. Treatment includes topical creams, oral medications, and lifestyle modifications.

Vitiligo is a non-contagious skin disease in which areas of skin lose their color, appearing as white patches, because pigment cells stop producing melanin. It is not painful or physically dangerous and is treated with creams, phototherapy, and other options to restore or even out color.

Acne is an inflammation of the hair follicles and oil glands caused by bacteria and hormones, appearing as blackheads, pimples, and cysts. Treatment includes topical and oral medications, with severe cases requiring isotretinoin.

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease causing rapid skin cell overproduction that leads to red, scaly plaques.

Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a chronic skin inflammation causing intense itching, redness, and dryness, especially in children. Treatment includes moisturizers, topical creams, and modern biologics like dupilumab.

Autoimmune disorder with ocular and audiovestibular symptoms. Treated with high-dose steroids.

Triad: rheumatoid arthritis + neutropenia + splenomegaly. Treated with methotrexate and rituximab.

Vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia. Treated with mepolizumab and prednisone.

Aorta and large artery vasculitis in young adults. Treated with steroids and tocilizumab.

Giant cell (temporal) arteritis is inflammation of the walls of medium and large arteries, especially in the head and temple, affecting older adults. Its symptoms are a new headache, temple pain, jaw pain when chewing, and vision change. It is an emergency because it may cause vision loss and needs corticosteroids immediately.

Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory disease affecting older adults, causing severe pain and stiffness in the shoulders, hips, and neck especially in the morning. It responds dramatically to low-dose corticosteroids. It may be linked to giant cell arteritis, which requires urgent attention to protect vision.

Autoimmune muscle inflammation with weakness. Treated with steroids and immunosuppressants.

Inflammatory disorder with high fever, rash, arthritis. Treated with NSAIDs, anakinra, tocilizumab.

HSP in adults. Higher renal involvement risk. Treated with steroids and cyclophosphamide.

Mix of lupus, scleroderma, and polymyositis features. Treated with steroids and immunosuppressants based on dominant features.

Dry eyes and mouth without full Sjögren's. Managed with lubricating drops.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder in which antiphospholipid antibodies cause pathological clotting in veins and arteries, recurrent pregnancy loss, and thrombocytopenia.

ANCA vasculitis affecting nose, lungs, and kidneys. Treated with rituximab and steroids.

ANCA-associated vasculitis affecting kidneys and lungs. Treated with steroids and cyclophosphamide/rituximab.

Behçet's disease is a chronic systemic vasculitis of unknown cause characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers, ocular inflammation, and vascular and neurological involvement.

Spondylitis in lupus. Treated with immunosuppressants and lupus drugs.

Bacterial joint infection. Emergency. Requires surgical drainage and IV antibiotics.

Arthritis associated with psoriasis. Treated with methotrexate, anti-TNF, IL-17, IL-23, and JAK inhibitors.

Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition in joints, mimics gout. Treated with NSAIDs or colchicine.

Group of hereditary collagen disorders causing joint hypermobility, skin fragility, and vascular complications. Supportive management.

Hereditary connective tissue disorder affecting heart (aortic dilation), eye, and skeleton. Managed with beta blockers, ARBs, and aortic surveillance.

Scleroderma is autoimmune disease causing skin thickening and internal organ fibrosis. Treated with mycophenolate, tocilizumab, and nintedanib for SSc-ILD.

Sjögren's syndrome is chronic autoimmune attack on tear and salivary glands, causing dry eyes and mouth. Treated with artificial tears, pilocarpine, cevimeline, and immunomodulators.

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease affecting the spine and pelvic joints, causing inflammatory back pain and morning stiffness, and may over time lead to fusion of the vertebrae. It often affects young people, and early diagnosis, treatment, and exercise preserve mobility and prevent deformity.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder causing widespread body pain with fatigue, disturbed sleep, and poor concentration, without inflammation or tissue damage. It is caused by altered pain processing in the brain. It does not show on tests but is real, and is managed with exercise, therapy, and certain medications.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the body's healthy tissues, causing inflammation in the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs. It is marked by flares and remissions and is managed with immune-modulating medicines and regular follow-up for a near-normal life.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that attacks the joint lining symmetrically, causing pain, swelling, and progressive deformity. It is treated with immunosuppressive drugs (DMARDs), biological medications, and targeted therapies.

Gout is a painful inflammatory arthritis caused by uric acid crystal deposition in joints, typically affecting the big toe. Treatment includes anti-inflammatory medications, urate-lowering drugs like allopurinol, and dietary modifications.

Rare tumors from neuroendocrine cells, including pancreatic and GI. Treated with somatostatin analogs and PRRT.

Neuroendocrine tumor secreting serotonin. Causes flushing, diarrhea, palpitations. Treated with octreotide and telotristat.

Side effects after radiation include dermatitis, fatigue, mucositis. Managed with aquaphor and supportive care.

Common anemia after chemotherapy. Treated with ESAs (erythropoietin) and transfusion.

Thrombocytopenia after chemo. Treated with platelet transfusion and romiplostim/avatrombopag.

Neutropenia after chemotherapy increases infection risk. Prevented with G-CSF (filgrastim, pegfilgrastim).

Temporary hair loss during chemotherapy. Prevented with scalp cooling. Hair returns in 3–6 months.

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting is among the most common and bothersome side effects for cancer patients, but it has become highly controllable. Prevention with anti-nausea medications given before and after sessions, along with dietary tips, is more important than treating it after it occurs.

Common diarrhea after chemotherapy (especially irinotecan). Treated with loperamide.

Massive tumor content release after treatment causing renal failure. Prevented with allopurinol, hydration. Rasburicase for severe.

Severe inflammatory reaction after CAR-T or bispecifics. Treated with tocilizumab.

Most common cancer in men 15–35. High cure rate >95%. Treated with orchiectomy and chemotherapy (BEP).

Laryngeal cancer is a malignant tumor arising in the tissues of the larynx (voice box); its hallmark symptom is persistent hoarseness. Smoking and alcohol are the main risk factors, and early detection improves cure rates through radiotherapy, surgery, or chemotherapy.

Esophageal cancer (squamous or adenocarcinoma) presents with dysphagia and weight loss. Treated with chemoradiation, surgery, and immunotherapy.

Gastric cancer is linked to H. pylori. Treated with gastrectomy, chemotherapy (FLOT), trastuzumab for HER2+, and immunotherapy (nivolumab).

Pancreatic cancer is aggressive and often diagnosed late. Treated with Whipple procedure, FOLFIRINOX, and gemcitabine + nab-paclitaxel.

Primary liver cancer, common in cirrhosis. Treated with resection, liver transplant, atezolizumab + bevacizumab, or tremelimumab + durvalumab.

Renal cell carcinoma is often found incidentally. Treated with partial or radical nephrectomy, and immunotherapy/targeted therapy for advanced disease.

Bladder cancer is a malignant tumor arising from the lining of the urinary bladder; painless hematuria (blood in the urine) is its most common early symptom.

Lymphoma is a cancer arising in the lymphatic system that supports immunity, and its hallmark is painless lymph-node enlargement. Its two main types are Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin, and many are treatable and curable with chemotherapy, radiation, and immune therapies.

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, originating from pigment-producing cells and spreading rapidly to other organs. Treatment depends on stage and early detection using ABCDE criteria, involving surgical removal, immunotherapy, and targeted modern treatments.

Prostate cancer is among the most common cancers in men and is often slow-growing. Many cases cause no early symptoms and are found by PSA testing and clinical exam. Management ranges from active surveillance in low-risk cases to surgery, radiation, or hormone therapy in others.

Colorectal cancer is a malignant tumor that usually begins from benign polyps that slowly turn cancerous, making it one of the most preventable cancers through early colonoscopy screening. Symptoms include changes in bowel habits and blood in the stool; treatment is surgical and medical according to stage.

Lung cancer is a malignant tumor arising in lung tissue, with smoking its leading cause. Symptoms such as persistent cough and coughing up blood often appear late, so quitting smoking and early screening of high-risk groups are the most important defenses. Treatment combines surgery, radiation, and modern drug therapies.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, arising from uncontrolled growth of breast cells. Early detection by self-exam and mammography greatly improves cure rates, and treatment combines surgery, radiation, and drug therapy according to the tumor type and stage.

Barrett's esophagus is a change in the lining of the lower esophagus due to chronic acid reflux, in which its cells transform to resemble intestinal cells. It often has no specific symptoms beyond reflux symptoms but slightly raises the risk of esophageal cancer, so it needs endoscopic surveillance and reflux control.

Achalasia is a rare disorder of esophageal motility in which the lower esophageal muscle fails to relax to pass food into the stomach, so food accumulates and causes progressive difficulty swallowing and regurgitation. It is managed with procedures to widen or cut the muscle to ease food passage.

Esophageal tear after severe vomiting causing bleeding. Usually self-resolves or treated endoscopically.

Recurrent colonic spasms. Treated with antispasmodics and low-FODMAP diet.

Intestinal worms are common parasitic infections in which worms live in the intestine, usually transmitted through contaminated food and water or soil. Many cases are mild, but they may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and malnutrition, especially in children. They are treated with anti-worm medications along with hygiene.

Hydatid cysts in liver from Echinococcus. Treated with albendazole and PAIR or surgery.

Excessive small intestinal bacteria causing bloating and diarrhea. Treated with rifaximin.

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic immune disease in which a type of immune cell (eosinophils) accumulates in the esophageal lining, often as an allergic reaction to foods. It causes difficulty swallowing, food impaction, chest pain, and heartburn that does not improve with acid medications. It is managed with dietary modification, medications, and esophageal dilation when needed.

Confusion and coma from liver failure and hyperammonemia. Treated with lactulose and rifaximin.

Diverticulitis is inflammation or infection of small pouches (diverticula) that form in the colon wall, more common in older adults. Its sign is persistent abdominal pain often in the lower left with fever and a change in bowel habits. It ranges from a mild case treated with rest and diet to a severe one needing antibiotics or surgery. Fiber prevents the formation of diverticula.

Loss or dysfunction of large segment of small intestine. Treated with TPN, teduglutide.

Simple liver cysts are usually benign. Treated only if symptomatic, via aspiration or surgical fenestration.

Hepatitis A is a viral infection of the liver transmitted through contaminated food and water, causing jaundice, fatigue, and nausea. Patients usually recover completely without chronic disease, and prevention is possible through hygiene, safe water, and vaccination.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption, causing intestinal inflammation and nutrient malabsorption. The only effective treatment is strict adherence to a lifelong gluten-free diet.

Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest milk sugar due to insufficient lactase enzyme, causing bloating, diarrhea, and gas. It is managed by avoiding dairy products or using lactase supplements and lactose-free alternatives.

Chronic constipation is infrequent or difficult bowel movements lasting three months or longer, affecting quality of life. Treatment includes increased fiber and water intake, laxatives, and prescription medications if needed under medical supervision.

Functional dyspepsia is discomfort or fullness in the stomach after meals without a clear organic cause. Treatment includes acid-reducing medications, prokinetics, and H. pylori eradication if present.

Pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas causing severe abdominal pain radiating to the back, most commonly triggered by gallstones or alcohol abuse. Treatment involves fasting, intravenous fluids, pain relief, and addressing the underlying cause.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is accumulation of fat in liver cells due to obesity and insulin resistance, potentially progressing to inflammation and cirrhosis. Treatment involves weight loss, lifestyle changes, control of diabetes and cholesterol, and newer medications for advanced cases.

Liver cirrhosis is permanent scarring of the liver caused by chronic diseases such as viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and fatty liver disease. It leads to advanced liver failure and serious complications that may require transplantation. Treatment focuses on slowing progression and managing complications.

Hepatitis C is a viral infection transmitted through blood that affects the liver and can develop into chronic inflammation causing cirrhosis and liver cancer. Good news: modern direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) like sofosbuvir and velpatasvir cure over 95% of cases.

Hepatitis B is a viral infection transmitted through blood and sexual contact, potentially becoming chronic and leading to cirrhosis and cancer. Prevention is available through vaccination, and antiviral medications provide effective treatment.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the colon with inflammation and ulcers, causing bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Treatment includes anti-inflammatory medications and biologic therapies, alongside lifestyle modifications.

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel condition causing deep, patchy inflammation of the digestive tract. It leads to diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Treatment includes immunosuppressants, biologics like TNF inhibitors, and corticosteroids.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gut disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits without identifiable structural disease.

Peptic ulcer disease is a sore in the stomach or duodenum lining, usually caused by H. pylori bacteria or pain relievers. It causes burning pain in the upper abdomen and is treated with antibiotics and acid-reducing medications.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a common condition where stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, causing heartburn and acidic taste. Treatment includes lifestyle modifications and medications such as proton pump inhibitors and antacids.

Viral myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle usually caused by a virus, weakening the heart's pumping ability and causing rhythm disturbances. Its symptoms are chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, and fatigue after a viral infection. It ranges from mild and self-resolving to severe and life-threatening, needing urgent care.

Pericardial fibrosis restricting cardiac filling. Treated with pericardiectomy.

Amyloid deposits in heart. Treated with tafamidis, patisiran, vutrisiran.

Increased heart rate on standing with dizziness. Treated with fluids, salt, and beta blockers.

Congenital accessory pathway causing SVT. Treated with catheter ablation.

Ventricular tachycardia, life-threatening. Treated with cardioversion, amiodarone, beta blockers, ICD.

Sudden regular tachycardia. Treated with vagal maneuvers, adenosine, or catheter ablation.

Bradycardia is a heart rate below 60 beats per minute; it may be physiological (athletes) or pathological requiring treatment when symptoms of poor cardiac output develop.

Benign palpitations are uncomfortable awareness of heartbeats without underlying heart disease, most commonly caused by anxiety, caffeine, fatigue, and benign ectopic heartbeats such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).

QT prolongation with serious arrhythmia risk. Treated with beta blockers and ICD.

Hereditary cardiac sodium channelopathy with sudden cardiac death risk. Treated with ICD.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a type of heart failure in which the heart pumps with near-normal strength but its muscle becomes stiff and fills poorly, causing breathlessness and swelling. It is managed by controlling conditions like hypertension and diabetes, diuretics, and lifestyle changes.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) involves chest compressions and rescue breaths. Survival increases with early intervention and AED use.

Pericardial inflammation with chest pain improved by leaning forward and possible effusion. Treated with NSAIDs and colchicine.

Left ventricular dilation and reduced ejection from multiple causes. Treated like HFrEF: ACEi/ARNI, beta blockers, MRA, SGLT2.

Hereditary thickening of the heart muscle; can cause sudden death in athletes. Treated with beta blockers, new mavacamten (Camzyos), and prophylactic ICD.

Vasovagal syncope is the most common type of fainting, occurring when there is a sudden drop in heart rate and blood pressure in response to a trigger such as pain, prolonged standing, or seeing blood, so blood to the brain decreases and the person loses consciousness for seconds then recovers quickly. It is usually benign, with prevention through avoiding triggers and recognizing early warning signs.

Heart valve disease occurs when one of the four heart valves narrows or leaks, weakening the heart's ability to pump blood and causing shortness of breath and fatigue. Treatment includes medications, valve repair, or replacement with an artificial or biological valve.

Atherosclerosis is a slow buildup of fatty and calcium deposits inside artery walls, narrowing blood vessels and reducing their elasticity, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Treatment involves medications, lifestyle changes, and medical interventions based on severity.

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) occurs when a coronary artery suddenly becomes blocked, stopping blood flow and causing death of heart muscle tissue. It causes severe chest pain, shortness of breath, and sweating, requiring emergency angioplasty within 90 minutes to restore blood flow and save lives.

Angina pectoris is chest pain or discomfort caused by temporary reduced blood flow to the heart due to narrowed coronary arteries. It resolves with rest or nitrate medications and does not cause permanent heart muscle damage, unlike a heart attack.

High cholesterol is a common condition where harmful fats (LDL) accumulate in the blood, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. It is managed through lifestyle changes, medications like statins, and modern therapies.

Atrial fibrillation is a heart rhythm disorder causing rapid, irregular heartbeats in the atria, reducing blood pumping efficiency and increasing stroke risk. Treatment includes anticoagulants, rate/rhythm-control medications, and catheter ablation.

Heart failure is a chronic condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, causing fluid buildup and shortness of breath. Treatment includes medications, medical devices, lifestyle changes, and sometimes heart transplantation.

Coronary Artery Disease is narrowing of the heart's arteries due to fatty plaque buildup, reducing blood flow to heart muscle. Treatment includes medications, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, angioplasty or bypass surgery.

Hypertension is a chronic condition where blood pressure in arteries remains ≥140/90 mmHg, increasing risk of strokes, heart attacks, and kidney disease. Treatment includes healthy diet, exercise, weight loss, and blood pressure-lowering medications under medical supervision.

Acute respiratory failure with severe hypoxemia. Treated with lung-protective ventilation.

Pulmonary hypertension is an abnormal rise in the pressure of the arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs, straining the right side of the heart. Its symptoms are shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations that increase with exertion. It is a serious chronic condition needing specialized diagnosis and targeted treatment to ease symptoms and slow progression.

Long COVID is the persistence or appearance of symptoms for weeks or months after recovering from a COVID-19 infection, most notably fatigue, shortness of breath, and brain fog. It affects daily life and needs multidisciplinary evaluation and management, and often improves gradually over time with supportive care.

Multisystem disease with non-caseating granulomas. Often affects lungs. Treated with steroids and immunosuppressants.

Hereditary disorder affecting lungs and pancreas. Revolutionary therapy: Trikafta (elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor).

Pulmonary hypertension from chronic clots. Curative treatment is pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) or balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA).

Acute bronchitis is a short-term inflammation of the bronchial airway lining that causes a persistent cough with or without mucus production.

Chronic bronchitis is a chronic airway inflammation defined by a productive cough lasting at least three months per year for two consecutive years, most often caused by long-term smoking.

Progressive lung fibrosis; treated with pirfenidone or nintedanib to slow decline, and lung transplant.

Pulmonary embolism is a sudden blockage of a lung artery by a blood clot that usually comes from the deep leg veins, causing sudden shortness of breath and chest pain and may be life-threatening. It is an emergency needing urgent diagnosis and treatment with blood thinners, with prevention important after surgery and long travel.

Influenza is an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory infection whose symptoms are more severe than a cold and include fever, body aches, and exhaustion. It usually improves within a week with rest and fluids; annual vaccination is the most important way to prevent it, especially for at-risk groups.

COVID-19 is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), with symptoms ranging from mild (fever, cough, loss of smell) to severe pneumonia. Vaccines and preventive measures help reduce infection and severity, and treatment is supportive with antivirals for at-risk groups.

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is the presence of TB bacteria in the body without active disease symptoms, detected through skin or blood tests. It is treated with preventive medications to stop progression to active TB, especially in high-risk groups such as healthcare workers and immunocompromised individuals.

Obstructive sleep apnea is a condition of repeated breathing pauses during sleep due to upper airway blockage, causing snoring, daytime fatigue, and high blood pressure. Treatment includes CPAP devices, weight loss, and lifestyle changes.

Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease spread through air that primarily affects the lungs, causing persistent cough and weight loss. Treatment requires multiple antibiotics for six months, and early diagnosis with consistent therapy leads to complete cure.

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the lung tissue and fills the air sacs with fluid or pus, causing fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves antibiotics based on the cause, along with supportive care to aid breathing and recovery.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease causing shortness of breath and persistent cough, often linked to smoking. Treatment includes inhalers, medications, and pulmonary rehabilitation to improve quality of life.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that narrows the airways, causing wheezing, shortness of breath, and persistent cough. Treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, combined with trigger avoidance and careful symptom management.

Acquired hereditary defect destroying RBCs. Treated with eculizumab or ravulizumab.

Aplastic anemia is a rare, serious condition in which the bone marrow stops producing enough blood cells of all types, so red cells, white cells, and platelets all decrease. It causes fatigue, infection, and bleeding. It is treated with blood transfusions, immune suppression, and bone-marrow transplant, which may cure it in selected cases.

Immune thrombocytopenia from heparin with thrombosis. Treated by stopping heparin and switching to argatroban.

Most common inherited bleeding disorder. Treated with DDAVP, tranexamic acid, or vWF concentrates.

Hemophilia B is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factor IX, so blood clots slowly and bleeding recurs, especially in joints and muscles. It is managed by replacing the missing factor and specialized prophylaxis programs.

X-linked hereditary factor VIII deficiency. Treated with factor replacement, emicizumab (Hemlibra), and gene therapy.

Bone marrow fibrosis causing anemia and splenomegaly. Treated with ruxolitinib or stem cell transplant.

Abnormal platelet elevation without other cause. Treated with hydroxyurea and aspirin.

Overproduction of red cells. Treated with phlebotomy, hydroxyurea, ropeginterferon (Besremi), and ruxolitinib.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of bone-marrow disorders in which the marrow fails to produce enough healthy blood cells, leading to low blood counts. Management ranges from monitoring and transfusion support to specific medications and bone-marrow transplant in high-risk cases.

Plasma cell cancer. Complex therapy with bortezomib, lenalidomide, daratumumab, CAR-T, belantamab.

Most common pediatric leukemia. Complex multi-phase treatment. CAR-T cells for relapsed cases.

Acute leukemia common in older adults. Treated with intensive chemo, venetoclax, and targeted therapies.

Most common adult leukemia. Treated with BTK inhibitors and venetoclax.

Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic leukemia. Revolutionized by TKIs (imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib).

X-linked enzyme deficiency causing hemolytic anemia after triggers (fava beans, medications, infection). Managed by avoidance.

Immune thrombocytopenia is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and destroys blood platelets, so their count drops and the risk of bruising and bleeding rises. It may be mild and only monitored or need treatment to raise platelets. Many childhood cases resolve on their own.

Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder in which red blood cells change into a rigid sickle shape that obstructs blood flow, causing severe pain crises, chronic anemia, and susceptibility to infection. It is managed by preventing crises and supportive care, and may be cured by bone-marrow transplant in selected cases.

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disease that reduces production of normal hemoglobin, causing chronic anemia of varying degrees. It is common in our region and is passed from gene-carrying parents. It ranges from a symptomless carrier state to major thalassemia needing regular blood transfusions. Premarital screening prevents having affected children.

Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, occurring when the body lacks enough iron to make hemoglobin, reducing oxygen delivery and causing fatigue and pallor. It is treated by addressing the cause and replacing iron through diet and supplements.

Leukemia (blood cancer) is a cancer of blood cells and bone marrow, in which the marrow makes abnormal white cells that crowd out healthy cells. Its types are acute and chronic, and symptoms include fatigue, infections, and bleeding. Treatment includes chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and bone-marrow transplant depending on the type.

Adults with Down syndrome. Risk of early Alzheimer's. Requires frequent screenings.

Common in adults >65, multifactorial (weakness, vision, medications). Requires comprehensive assessment.

Lymphadenopathy may be transient (infection) or persistent (malignancy/blood disease). Evaluated by history, exam, and targeted investigations.

Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs when the body lacks sufficient B12, causing anemia, weakness, and nerve damage. It is treated with injections or high-dose oral supplements and dietary changes.

Hereditary hearing loss in childhood. Treated with hearing aids, cochlear implants, and emerging gene therapy.

Occupational hearing loss from chronic loud noise exposure. Prevented with hearing protection; treated with hearing aids.

Meniere's disease is an inner-ear disorder causing severe vertigo attacks, tinnitus, fluctuating hearing loss, and a feeling of ear fullness, thought to be linked to increased inner-ear fluid. It is chronic and comes in attacks, managed with reduced salt, medication, and lifestyle changes to limit attacks.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the most common cause of dizziness — a short, intense spinning sensation triggered by head-position changes, due to tiny crystals moving inside the inner ear. It is not dangerous and is often effectively treated with repositioning maneuvers performed by the doctor.

Tinnitus is the sensation of hearing a sound (ringing, buzzing, or humming) without an external source, a very common symptom and not a disease in itself. Its most common causes are noise exposure and age-related hearing loss. It is usually not dangerous but can be bothersome. Treating the cause, coping techniques, and hearing devices help relieve it.

Hearing loss is a reduced ability to hear sounds, ranging from mild to severe, and may be conductive or sensorineural. Its causes include aging, noise, earwax, and infection. Early detection matters, and treatment includes removing the cause, hearing aids, and implanted devices according to the case.

Dehydration is a shortage of body fluids below need due to low intake or increased loss (diarrhea, vomiting, heat, sweating), so body function is impaired. Its symptoms are thirst, reduced urination, and dizziness. It is dangerous especially in children and older adults, treated by fluid replacement, with prevention through adequate drinking.

Alcohol poisoning is a life-threatening emergency from rapid ingestion of large amounts of alcohol, causing severe CNS and respiratory depression that can rapidly lead to coma and death.

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) toxicity from overdose causes progressive liver damage and potentially fatal acute liver failure, but is highly treatable with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) if given promptly.

CO poisoning causing hypoxia. Treated with 100% oxygen or HBOT.

Body temperature >40°C with altered consciousness. Emergency. Rapid cooling is lifesaving.

Imbalance of electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ph). Treated by correction based on type and severity.

Hyperkalemia is cardiac risk. Treated with calcium gluconate, insulin/glucose, patiromer.

Hyponatremia is a below-normal sodium concentration in the blood and is among the most common salt disorders. It results from excess water, sodium loss, or certain diseases. Its symptoms are nausea, headache, and confusion, and it can be dangerous if it develops quickly. It is treated by addressing the cause and carefully correcting the sodium.

Autoimmune disease with antibodies against basement membrane affecting kidneys and lungs. Treated with plasmapheresis and immunosuppressants.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden decline in kidney function over hours to days, causing accumulation of nitrogenous waste and disruption of fluid and electrolyte balance.

A simple renal cyst is a fluid-filled sac on the kidney, common with age and usually benign, symptomless, and needing no treatment. Most are found incidentally on imaging and simply monitored; intervention is reserved for symptoms or complications.

Glomerulonephritis is a heterogeneous group affecting glomeruli (IgA, FSGS, membranous, lupus). Treated with ACE/ARB, steroids, and immunosuppressants.

Heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. Treated with corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and ACE/ARB.

Hereditary disorder forming kidney cysts that can lead to kidney failure. Tolvaptan slows disease progression.

Chronic Kidney Disease is a gradual decline in kidney function lasting more than 3 months, most often caused by diabetes and high blood pressure. It is managed through controlling the underlying cause, medications, lifestyle changes, and dialysis or transplant in advanced stages.

Kidney stones are hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and travel through the urinary tract, causing severe flank pain, nausea, and blood in urine. Treatment includes hydration, pain relief, and specialized procedures like shock wave lithotripsy or endoscopic removal.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis) is a complex chronic illness causing severe fatigue that does not improve with rest and worsens after exertion, with sleep disturbance and difficulty concentrating. It is not laziness or depression but a real medical condition managed with careful activity pacing and symptom treatment.

Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder in which a person gets up and walks or performs other behaviors while asleep and unaware, common in children and often outgrown with age. It usually does not indicate a psychological problem. The most important thing is securing the environment to prevent injuries, and waking the person abruptly is not advised.

Recurrent nightmares affecting sleep. Treated with prazosin and image rehearsal therapy.

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder of sleep-wake regulation causing severe daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep attacks, and sometimes sudden loss of muscle strength with emotions (cataplexy). It is not laziness but a brain dysfunction, managed with medication and lifestyle changes to improve wakefulness and quality of life.

Sleep disorder in shift workers. Managed with light scheduling, melatonin, and modafinil.

Suicidal ideation or attempts. Urgent assessment and hospitalization for safety and treatment. Ketamine/esketamine for rapid relief.

ADHD persisting into adulthood. Treated with methylphenidate or amphetamines and behavioral therapy.

Behavioral addiction to gambling. Treated with CBT and support groups. Medications: naltrexone, SSRIs.

Depression linked to seasons (typically winter). Treated with light therapy, SSRIs, and bupropion.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a pervasive pattern of emotional, relational, and identity instability that impairs self-regulation and is associated with self-harm and suicidal behavior.

Social anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder in which a person feels intense and persistent fear of social situations for fear of judgment or embarrassment, so they avoid them or endure them with distress. It is more than mere shyness and affects study, work, and relationships. It is a common condition treatable effectively through cognitive behavioral therapy and medications when needed.

Panic disorder is a mental health condition with recurrent sudden panic attacks of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, and a sense of impending doom, without real danger. Many confuse it with a heart attack. It is effectively treatable through psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral) and medications, with great improvement for most patients.

Postpartum depression is real depression affecting the mother after childbirth, deeper and longer than the transient baby blues, involving persistent sadness, loss of interest, fatigue, and difficulty bonding with the baby. It is a common medical condition, not a failing by the mother, and is treatable with support, psychotherapy, and medications. Seeking help early is important for the mother and baby.

Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses characterized by abnormal eating patterns and intense preoccupation with weight and body image. They include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, treated by a multidisciplinary team of psychiatrists and nutritionists.

Insomnia is a common sleep disorder in which it is hard to fall or stay asleep, or sleep is unrefreshing despite adequate opportunity, affecting daytime energy and mood. It is treated first by improving sleep habits and cognitive behavioral therapy, with short-term medication when needed.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that develops after exposure to a severe traumatic event, causing nightmares, intrusive memories, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Treatment includes SSRIs, specialized psychotherapy (EMDR, CBT), and Prazosin for nightmares.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental health condition of obsessions (intrusive distressing thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors to relieve anxiety). It is time-consuming and distressing, and is effectively treatable with cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressant medications.

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder affecting how a person thinks, perceives, and feels, and may cause delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. It is not a split personality and does not mean dangerousness, and is treatable with medication, psychotherapy, and social support for a better life.

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings between manic highs and depressive lows. Treatment includes mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and psychotherapy to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent, excessive worry lasting six months or longer, accompanied by muscle tension, sleep disturbance, and difficulty concentrating. Treatment involves antidepressant medications and cognitive-behavioral therapy with high success rates.

Depression is a common mental health disorder causing persistent sadness and loss of interest and pleasure for weeks, affecting sleep, appetite, concentration, and the ability to function. It is a treatable medical condition managed with psychotherapy, medication, and lifestyle changes, not a personal weakness.

Peripheral neuropathy after chemo (platinum, taxanes, vincristine). Managed with duloxetine.

Severe persistent pain in a limb after injury. Treated with PT, gabapentin, bisphosphonates, and SCS.

Sudden ascending inflammatory neuropathy. Treated with IVIG or plasmapheresis.

Autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorder causing fluctuating weakness. Treated with pyridostigmine and immunosuppressants.

X-linked hereditary disorder with progressive muscle weakness. Treated with corticosteroids and new gene therapies (Exondys, Vyondys, Elevidys).

Carpal tunnel syndrome is compression of the median nerve in the wrist causing numbness, pain, and weakness in the hand.

Peripheral neuropathy is nerve damage affecting the extremities, causing numbness, burning, and pain in the hands and feet. It commonly results from diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, or chemotherapy. Treatment includes medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications.

Pinworm infection is a very common intestinal infection, especially in children, caused by small white worms that live in the intestine and lay eggs around the anus at night, causing intense nighttime anal itching. It is contagious and spreads easily, treated with a simple medication for the child and family along with strict hygiene.

Peanut allergy is an immune reaction to peanut proteins, among the most dangerous food allergies because it can cause life-threatening anaphylaxis with small amounts. It is managed with strict avoidance and carrying an adrenaline auto-injector, and often persists for life.

Cow's milk allergy is an immune reaction to milk proteins, common in infants and young children and different from lactose intolerance. Its symptoms are skin, digestive, and respiratory and may be severe. It is managed by avoiding milk and its products and choosing suitable alternatives, and many children outgrow it with age.

Egg allergy is among the most common food allergies in children, an immune reaction to egg proteins (especially the white). Its symptoms are skin, digestive, and respiratory and may be severe. It is managed by avoiding eggs and their products, and many children outgrow it with age.

Comprehensive care for children with Down syndrome: cardiac, endocrine, ophthalmic, audiologic, atlantoaxial. Improves quality of life.

Nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) is involuntary urination during sleep beyond the age when control is expected; it is very common and often part of normal development and not the child's fault. Most cases improve with age, and behavioral habits, alarm devices, and medication when needed help.

Serious brain injury from infant shaking. Causes intracranial hemorrhage, neurological damage, or death. Requires medical and psychosocial intervention.

Delayed speech acquisition in childhood. Requires hearing, autism, or intellectual disability evaluation. Speech therapy helps.

IgA vasculitis in children with palpable purpura, abdominal pain, and renal involvement. Supportive care.

Vasculitis in children with prolonged fever and rash. Treated with IVIG and aspirin.

BMI ≥95th percentile for age. Managed with family lifestyle, semaglutide (Wegovy) from age 12, and sometimes bariatric surgery.

Poor child growth (weight <5th percentile). Causes: nutritional, GI, psychosocial. Requires comprehensive evaluation.

Soft bones in children from vitamin D or calcium deficiency. Treated with high-dose vitamin D supplements.

Inherited metabolic error detected on newborn screening. Treated with low-phenylalanine diet, sapropterin, or pegvaliase.

Wheat allergy is an IgE-mediated reaction to wheat proteins, distinct from celiac. Managed with strict wheat avoidance and epinephrine when needed.

Down syndrome is a genetic condition resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21, affecting appearance, growth, and cognitive abilities to varying degrees. It is not a contagious disease or a fault of the parents. With early healthcare, rehabilitative intervention, and support, many affected people live active, productive lives. Regular medical follow-up is important for their health.

Pertussis (whooping cough) is a highly contagious bacterial respiratory infection causing violent coughing fits ending in a whooping intake of breath. It is dangerous for infants, prevented by vaccination, and treated with early antibiotics.

Childhood obesity raises risk of diabetes, hypertension, and fatty liver. Managed with family lifestyle, liraglutide, setmelanotide, and bariatric surgery in select adolescents.

Anaphylaxis is a severe, sudden allergic reaction affecting more than one body system within minutes, and it threatens life. Its main signs are difficulty breathing, throat swelling, a spreading rash, low blood pressure, and dizziness. The immediate, life-saving treatment is an adrenaline injection into the thigh muscle then calling emergency services directly, without waiting.

Food allergy is a mistaken immune reaction to a certain food, where the body treats it as a danger. It ranges from mild skin and digestive symptoms to a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) that threatens life. The most common causative foods are known. The basis of management is avoiding the causative food and knowing how to act during a severe reaction.

Mumps is a contagious viral infection characterized by painful swelling of the parotid salivary glands in front of and below the ear, with fever and headache. It spreads by respiratory droplets. It usually recovers on its own with rest, but may sometimes cause complications. Vaccination (the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine) is the most important means of prevention.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease causing fever, a characteristic rash, and respiratory symptoms. It can be serious, especially in young children, and is prevented very effectively by the MMR vaccine. Treatment is supportive, with vitamin A and patient isolation important.

Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, appearing as an itchy fluid-filled rash with fever. It is common in children and usually mild, and is prevented by vaccination. It can be more severe in adults, pregnant women, and the immunocompromised.

Constipation in children is a very common problem of hard, infrequent, painful stools, usually due to diet or stool withholding rather than an organic disease. It is treated by increasing fiber and fluids and adjusting habits, sometimes with laxatives under a doctor's guidance, along with reassuring parents.

Pediatric gastroenteritis is a common viral infection causing diarrhea and vomiting in children. Treatment includes oral rehydration solutions, zinc supplementation, and monitoring for dehydration signs. Rotavirus vaccination provides effective prevention.

Pediatric fever is an elevated body temperature above 38°C in children, typically caused by viral or bacterial infections. Treatment involves safe fever reducers like paracetamol and ibuprofen with careful monitoring, and consulting a doctor if fever persists or warning signs appear.

Acting out dreams with violent movement. Early Parkinson's marker. Treated with clonazepam or melatonin.

Restless legs syndrome is a neurological disorder causing an irresistible urge to move the legs with an uncomfortable sensation that worsens at rest and in the evening and eases with movement, disrupting sleep. It is sometimes linked to iron deficiency. It is managed by treating the cause, lifestyle changes, and medication when needed.

Chronic memory disorder after untreated Wernicke. Managed with alcohol abstinence and oral thiamine.

Acute encephalopathy from thiamine deficiency, common in alcoholics. Treated with IV thiamine.

Permanent cessation of all brain and brainstem function. Clinical diagnosis + apnea test. Allows withdrawal of support and organ donation.

Profound unconsciousness. Causes: trauma, stroke, intoxication, metabolic. Managed by stabilizing vitals and treating cause.

A concussion is a mild brain injury resulting from a blow or jolt to the head that temporarily affects brain function. Its symptoms are headache, dizziness, confusion, nausea, and difficulty concentrating, which may not appear immediately. Most recover with gradual mental and physical rest, but some warning signs require urgent evaluation to exclude a more serious injury.

Clot in cerebral venous sinuses. Symptoms: headache, seizures. Treated with anticoagulation even with mild bleeding.

Rare rapidly progressive brain diseases from prion proteins (CJD). No effective treatment; supportive care.

Genetic neurodegenerative disease with chorea, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms. Treated with tetrabenazine, deutetrabenazine, valbenazine.

Most common movement disorder. Action tremor with tasks (writing, holding cup). Treated with propranolol or primidone.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease destroying motor neurons, causing escalating muscle weakness, paralysis, and ultimately death, usually from respiratory failure.

Neurological disorder with involuntary motor and vocal tics. Treated with haloperidol, aripiprazole, or CBIT.

TIA is a transient ischemic stroke episode resolving within hours. Requires urgent workup to prevent full stroke.

Cluster headache is one of the most painful headache types, coming in short, severe attacks around one eye that recur in time clusters. It is accompanied by redness, tearing, and nasal congestion on the same side. It needs specialized acute and preventive treatment, and early diagnosis is important to avoid suffering.

Tension headache is the most common type of headache, described as a pressing or tightening sensation around the head like a band, mild to moderate in intensity. It is often linked to stress, eye strain, and posture. It is managed with simple pain relievers and stress management, with prevention through lifestyle changes.

Persistent hiccups (&gt;48 h) may indicate GERD, neurological pathology, or medications. Treated with chlorpromazine, baclofen, or gabapentin after evaluating the cause.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks myelin (the protective covering of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord), causing weakness, fatigue, vision problems, and balance issues. Treatment involves immunomodulatory drugs and modern biological therapies to slow disease progression and manage symptoms.

Parkinson's Disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by dopamine deficiency in the brain, leading to tremor, muscle stiffness, and slow movement. It is managed with medications like levodopa and dopamine agonists, and in advanced cases, deep brain stimulation may be considered.

Alzheimer's Disease is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities. Treatment includes medications like donepezil and memantine, along with newer biological therapies for early-stage disease and comprehensive psychosocial support.

Migraine is a moderate-to-severe throbbing headache, usually on one side of the head, accompanied by nausea, sensitivity to light and sound, and sometimes visual disturbances. Treatment includes triptans to stop acute attacks and preventive CGRP inhibitors to reduce attack frequency.

A stroke is a sudden interruption of blood flow to the brain, either by a clot (ischemic) or bleeding (hemorrhagic), causing brain cells to die. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment with clot-busting drugs or surgical intervention to prevent permanent disability.

Difficulties with reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia), or math (dyscalculia). Managed with specialized educational support.

Autism spectrum disorder without language delay. Managed with behavioral and educational support.

Most common inherited intellectual disability. Managed with educational/behavioral support and meds for comorbidities.

Hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder in females causing skill regression. New treatment: trofinetide (Daybue).

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting social communication, interaction, and behavior that begins in early childhood. Treatment includes early intervention, behavioral therapy, speech therapy, and occupational rehabilitation.

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 5-7% of children, causing difficulties with focus, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Treatment includes stimulant medications, behavioral therapy, and psychological support.

Withdrawal after stopping opioids. Not life-threatening but distressing. Treated with buprenorphine or lofexidine.

Most severe form of alcohol withdrawal, life-threatening. Treated with high-dose benzodiazepines in ICU.

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome ranges from mild tremors and anxiety to life-threatening seizures and delirium tremens (DTs) in heavy drinkers who suddenly stop drinking, requiring medical management.

Cocaine addiction. No FDA-approved medication. Treated with CBT and rehab.

Opioid addiction. Treated with MAT: methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone, plus psychosocial support.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive alcohol use, loss of control over intake, and negative emotional states when not drinking.

Nicotine dependence is a physical and psychological reliance on the nicotine in tobacco that makes quitting hard despite knowing its harms. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death. Quitting is possible at any age and improves health quickly, and medications and behavioral support double the chances of success.

Achilles tendinopathy is pain, stiffness, and thickening of the Achilles tendon from overuse or degenerative changes, affecting athletes and sedentary individuals and requiring structured rehabilitation.

Flexor tendon inflammation at medial elbow. Similar treatment to tennis elbow.

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) is pain on the outer side of the elbow resulting from repeated strain of the forearm muscle tendons, and is not limited to tennis players. Its main symptom is pain outside the elbow that increases with gripping things and using the hand. Most of it improves with relative rest, exercises, and physical therapy, and it rarely needs intervention.

A meniscus tear is a common knee injury in which the meniscus, the cartilage that acts as a shock-absorbing cushion between the thigh and shin bones, tears. It happens with a sudden twist of the knee or with aging. Its symptoms are pain, swelling, clicking, and sometimes knee locking. Treatment depends on the type and location of the tear, from rehabilitation to arthroscopic surgery.

An ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) injury is a tear or sprain of the ligament that stabilizes the knee joint, common in sports requiring sudden direction changes or jumping and landing. A popping sound is often heard at the time of injury, with pain, rapid swelling, and a feeling of knee instability. Treatment depends on the severity and the patient's activity, from rehabilitation to reconstruction surgery.

Traumatic spinal cord injury causing paralysis below the level. Requires emergency care and long-term rehabilitation.

Tumors within or around the spinal cord. Symptoms: pain, weakness, sensory changes. Treated with surgery, radiation, chemo.

An acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) is a benign slow-growing tumor arising from the Schwann cells of the vestibulocochlear nerve, causing unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance disturbance.

A cerebral aneurysm is a focal bulge in the wall of a brain artery that risks catastrophic rupture causing subarachnoid hemorrhage, a life-threatening medical emergency.

Intracerebral hemorrhage is an emergency, usually from hypertension. Managed with rapid BP control and sometimes surgical evacuation.

Brain tumors are primary (gliomas, meningiomas) or metastatic. Treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy (temozolomide), bevacizumab, and targeted therapy.

Stones forming in the bladder, common in BPH or chronic catheterization. Treated with laser lithotripsy.

Acute pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that usually ascends from the bladder to the kidney, more dangerous than a simple bladder infection. Its signs are high fever, chills, and flank pain with urinary symptoms. It requires prompt treatment with antibiotics to prevent serious complications. It is more common in women, and some cases need hospital care.

Urine leakage in men, common after prostate surgery. Treated with Kegel exercises, slings, or artificial sphincter.

Blood in urine. Causes: infection, stones, tumors. Requires imaging and cystoscopy.

Acute urinary retention is the sudden complete inability to void despite a full bladder, causing severe suprapubic pain and requiring immediate catheterization to relieve bladder distension.

Testicular torsion is a very urgent emergency in which the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood flow to the testicle, and may lead to its loss within hours. Its sign is sudden severe testicular pain with swelling and nausea, often in adolescents. Every minute matters: surgical intervention within a few hours saves the testicle. Any sudden severe testicular pain is an emergency.

Fluid collection around the testis. Resolves in children; adults need surgery if enlarging.

A varicocele is dilation and enlargement of the veins inside the scrotum (similar to leg varicose veins), common and often on the left side. Many are symptomless, and it may cause heaviness or mild pain that increases with prolonged standing, and sometimes affects fertility. Not all need treatment; intervention is used for pain, affected fertility, or poor testicular growth in adolescents.

Prostatitis is inflammation or irritation of the prostate gland in men, causing pelvic and perineal pain, urinary symptoms, and sometimes pain on ejaculation. It has acute (bacterial, possibly severe) and chronic types. Treatment differs by type, from antibiotics to symptom-relieving medications, and it is not linked to prostate cancer.

Ureteral stones are stones that move from the kidney to the ureter (the tube between the kidney and bladder), blocking it and causing very severe renal colic. Their pain comes in waves in the flank radiating downward, with nausea and blood in the urine. Small stones may pass on their own with drinking water, while large or obstructing ones need fragmentation or a procedure.

Erectile dysfunction is the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse, caused by vascular, neurological, hormonal, or psychological factors. Treatment includes phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors such as sildenafil or tadalafil, injections, lifestyle modifications, or penile implants, with consultation from a urologist to determine the underlying cause.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection affecting any part of the urinary system, causing pain, burning on urination, and urinary urgency.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland causing bothersome urinary symptoms in aging men.

STI from Treponema pallidum in stages (primary, secondary, tertiary). Treated with IM penicillin G.

Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide, often asymptomatic, making routine screening essential to prevent serious complications.

STI from N. gonorrhoeae. Treated with IM ceftriaxone. Partners must be treated.

Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and may be a serious life-threatening bacterial type or a milder viral one. Its characteristic signs are fever, severe headache, neck stiffness, and light sensitivity. The bacterial type is an emergency needing antibiotics immediately, and vaccines protect against important types of it.

Traveler's diarrhea is a common digestive disorder affecting travelers to areas with different sanitation standards, due to food or water contaminated with germs. Its symptoms are diarrhea, cramps, and nausea. Most cases improve within days with hydration, and prevention is through caution in choosing food and water.

Dengue fever is a viral infection carried by Aedes mosquitoes, causing sudden high fever, severe headache, joint and muscle pain, and a rash. Most cases recover with supportive care, but some progress to dangerous severe dengue. Prevention is through mosquito control and avoiding bites.

Malaria is a serious parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito, causing attacks of fever, chills, and sweating. It is common in tropical regions and affects travelers to them. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important, with prevention through mosquito control and preventive medicines for travelers.

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection transmitted through food and water contaminated with Salmonella Typhi, causing a high, progressively rising fever, abdominal pain, and fatigue. It needs antibiotic treatment, with prevention through hygiene, safe water, and vaccination for travelers to endemic areas.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks immune-system cells and gradually weakens them, and may progress to AIDS if untreated. It spreads through blood, sexual contact, and childbirth, not casual contact. Modern antiretroviral therapy enables a normal life and prevents transmission.

Deficiency of essential nutrients, common in elderly and chronic illness. Managed with nutritional supplements and treating cause.

Tube feeding (NG, PEG) for patients unable to swallow. Improves outcomes and reduces complications.

HPV-induced papilloma on vocal cords. Treated with repeated laser/microsurgical excision and sometimes Avastin.

Benign vocal cord nodule from chronic voice strain (singers, teachers). Treated with voice therapy.

Hoarseness >3 weeks. Causes: vocal nodules, reflux, cord paralysis, tumors. Requires ENT evaluation.

Altered or lost taste, from infections, medications, zinc deficiency, or neurological disorders.

Anosmia is the complete or partial loss of the sense of smell, which may result from upper respiratory infections (notably COVID-19), sinonasal disease, head trauma, or neurodegenerative conditions.

Epistaxis (nosebleed) is bleeding from the nose, which is very common and usually minor, stopping with correct home first aid. Most of it is anterior, due to dryness, picking, or dry air. The correct first aid is leaning the head forward and pinching the soft part of the nose. Heavy or recurrent bleeding needs medical evaluation.

A deviated nasal septum is a tilt of the partition between the two nostrils away from the center, narrowing the passage on one or both sides. It is very common and much of it is mild and symptomless. It may cause chronic nasal blockage (often on one side), difficulty breathing, snoring, and recurrent sinus infections. Bothersome cases are treated with medications for symptoms, and sometimes surgery to straighten the septum.

Nasal polyps are soft, non-cancerous growths that grow in the lining of the nose and sinuses due to chronic inflammation, causing persistent nasal blockage, reduced sense of smell, and a runny nose. They are often associated with allergy, asthma, and chronic sinusitis. They are treated with medications (often corticosteroid sprays) and sometimes surgery, with a tendency to recur requiring follow-up.

Persistent nasal congestion from sinusitis, allergies, or polyps. Treated with intranasal steroids and addressing cause.

Laryngitis is inflammation of the voice box (larynx) and vocal cords, often due to a viral infection or voice strain, causing hoarseness or loss of voice, throat pain, and a dry cough. Most of it is acute and recovers on its own with resting the voice and fluids. Hoarseness lasting more than two weeks requires evaluation to exclude other causes.

Viral pharyngitis is common; treated supportively (fluids, analgesia). No antibiotics needed.

Strep throat is a bacterial throat infection caused by streptococcus bacteria, most common in children. Its signs are sudden severe throat pain on swallowing, fever, and swollen tonsils, often without a cough. It needs an antibiotic after confirming the diagnosis to prevent complications such as rheumatic fever. Not every sore throat is strep; most are viral.

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, usually due to a viral or bacterial infection, causing sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever. Most cases are viral and improve with supportive care, while bacterial ones need an antibiotic. Tonsillectomy is considered when severe inflammation recurs.

Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear space behind the eardrum causing severe pain and fever, particularly in children. Treatment includes pain relief medications and antibiotics when needed, with some cases requiring surgical ventilation tubes.

Allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction causing sneezing, congestion, and runny nose from pollen, dust, or other triggers. Treatment includes antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, and immunotherapy, with improvement through trigger avoidance.

Sinusitis is inflammation of the tissues lining the sinuses around the nose, causing headaches and thick nasal discharge. Treatment includes saline rinses, nasal corticosteroids, and antibiotics when needed.

Color blindness (color vision deficiency) is difficulty distinguishing certain colors, most famously red and green, often hereditary and more common in males. It is not true blindness but a defect in color perception. There is no cure for most hereditary types, but assistive tools and awareness of the condition ease coping. Early detection benefits children in learning.

Acute angle-closure glaucoma is a sudden spike in intraocular pressure from blocked aqueous outflow causing severe eye pain, blurred vision, halos, and nausea — an ocular emergency requiring treatment within hours to prevent permanent blindness.

Inflammation of the uvea. Causes: autoimmune, infection, or trauma. Treated with topical steroids and immunosuppressants.

Chronic painless eyelid cyst from a blocked meibomian gland. Treated with warm compresses, steroid injection, or excision.

Localized eyelid gland infection by Staph. Treated with warm compresses and erythromycin ointment.

Blepharitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the eyelid margins causing redness, irritation, crusting, and burning eyes, managed primarily through consistent daily eyelid hygiene.

Astigmatism is a common refractive error caused by an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens, so light scatters and vision becomes blurry or distorted at all distances. It causes eye strain and headache. It is corrected with glasses, contacts, or laser surgery, and often accompanies myopia or hyperopia.

Hyperopia (farsightedness) is a common refractive error in which distant objects are seen more clearly than near ones, because light focuses behind the retina as the eye is shorter than normal. It causes eye strain and headache when reading. It is corrected with glasses, contacts, or laser surgery for suitable adults.

Myopia (nearsightedness) is a common refractive error in which near objects are seen clearly while distant ones look blurry, because light focuses in front of the retina. It is corrected with glasses, contacts, or laser surgery, and is rising worldwide, especially among children.

Conjunctivitis (pink eye) is inflammation of the clear membrane covering the white of the eye and the inner eyelid, causing redness, tearing, and discharge. Its types are viral, bacterial, and allergic; most are mild and improve within days, with hygiene important to prevent the often highly contagious infection.

Dry eye disease occurs when the eyes don't produce enough tears or the tears are poor quality, causing burning, redness, and blurred vision. Treatment includes eye drops, topical medications, and lifestyle modifications.

Cataract is a gradual clouding of the eye's lens causing blurry vision and reduced night vision, especially with age. It is treated safely through surgery to remove the clouded lens and implant an artificial lens, with multiple options tailored to patient needs.

Glaucoma is an eye condition where increased intraocular pressure damages the optic nerve gradually, causing progressive vision loss and potential blindness if untreated. It is managed with eye drops, laser therapy, and surgery to reduce pressure.

Bacterial, viral, or fungal corneal inflammation. Requires urgent treatment to prevent vision loss.

Keratoconus is a disease in which the cornea progressively thins and bulges forward into a cone shape, gradually distorting vision. It is relatively common in our region and begins in the teenage years. It is managed with special lenses and corneal cross-linking to halt progression, and corneal transplant in advanced cases.

Lazy eye (amblyopia) is a weakness in the vision of one eye (or rarely both) that develops in early childhood because the brain does not receive a clear image from it and ignores it. Its most common causes are strabismus and a difference in vision between the eyes. It is not corrected by glasses alone. Early detection and treatment (patching the healthy eye, glasses) are critical before the development of vision is complete.

Strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes so that they do not look in the same direction, with one deviating inward, outward, up, or down. It is common in children and may, if neglected, lead to lazy eye and permanent vision weakness. Early detection and treatment (glasses, exercises, patching, or surgery) are very important, especially in early childhood.

Retinal detachment is an eye emergency in which the retina (the sensitive vision layer) separates from its place at the back of the eye, losing its nourishment and possibly being permanently damaged. Its warning signs are flashes of light, a sudden increase in floaters, and a curtain or shadow blocking part of vision. It requires urgent evaluation and often prompt surgery to save sight.

Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the small blood vessels in the retina caused by chronic high blood sugar, potentially leading to vision loss if untreated. Treatment includes blood sugar control, laser therapy, and eye injections.

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye disease causing central vision loss due to degeneration of the macula. The wet form is treated with anti-VEGF injections like ranibizumab and aflibercept to slow disease progression.

Aphthous ulcers (mouth ulcers/canker sores) are small, painful white or yellow sores surrounded by a red halo that appear inside the mouth, very common, not contagious, and not dangerous. They disappear on their own within days to two weeks. Their causes are multiple, such as stress, deficiency of some vitamins, and injuries. Topical treatments to relieve pain are available, and severe recurrence deserves evaluation.

Dental caries is a gradual breakdown of the tooth layers caused by acids from bacteria digesting sugars, starting as a spot then a cavity that may reach the nerve causing pain and infection. It is among the most common diseases and is preventable through brushing, fluoride, reducing sugar, and regular checkups.

Spinal muscular atrophy is a genetic motor neuron disease. Revolutionary therapies: nusinersen, onasemnogene (Zolgensma), risdiplam.

Ovarian cancer often presents late. Treated with cytoreductive surgery, chemotherapy (carboplatin/paclitaxel), and PARP inhibitors (olaparib, niraparib).

Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor arising from cervical cells, closely linked to HPV infection, and largely preventable through vaccination and regular screening.

Endometrial cancer presents with postmenopausal bleeding. Treated with hysterectomy, sometimes radiation/chemo, and immunotherapy (pembrolizumab + lenvatinib).

Congenital heart defects are structural anomalies present at birth (ASD, VSD, PDA, Tetralogy of Fallot). Most are repaired surgically or via catheterization.

Rheumatic fever is a complication of untreated streptococcal pharyngitis affecting heart, joints, and skin. Prevented by early Strep treatment.

A bone fracture is a break or crack in a bone due to injury, excess pressure, or bone weakness. Its symptoms are severe pain, swelling, deformity, and difficulty moving. Fractures range from simple hairline to open or multiple. They need fixation (a splint, cast, or surgery) to heal in their correct position, and proper first aid is important before reaching the hospital.

Osteonecrosis is bone tissue death from impaired blood supply, commonly in the femoral head. Causes: steroids, alcohol, trauma. Treated with analgesics, weight reduction, core decompression, or joint replacement.

Low back pain is among the most common medical complaints, affecting most people at some point in life. Most of it is benign mechanical pain that improves within weeks with movement and simple treatment. But some warning signs require urgent evaluation. Early movement and prevention are the basis of recovery and preventing recurrence.

Osteoarthritis is progressive wear of joint cartilage causing pain and stiffness, especially in the knee and hip. Treatment includes weight loss, physical therapy, hyaluronic acid injections, and joint replacement in advanced cases.

OHSS is a complication of ovarian stimulation in IVF causing ovarian enlargement, ascites, and thrombosis. Managed supportively with cabergoline, antagonist protocols help prevention.

Unexplained infertility after complete workup. Stepwise treatment: ovulation induction, IUI, then IVF.

Infertility is the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse (or 6 months for women over 35). Affecting 10-15% of couples, it may involve male, female, or combined factors. Treatment options include medications, ICSI, and IVF.

Uterine prolapse from weak pelvic floor muscles. Symptoms include pressure and incontinence. Treated with pessary or sacrocolpopexy.

Seasonal allergies (hay fever) are an allergic reaction occurring in certain seasons to pollen from trees and grasses, causing sneezing, a runny and congested nose, itching, and watery eyes. They are very common and not contagious. They are relieved by avoiding triggers as much as possible and allergy medications (antihistamines and nasal sprays), and sometimes immunotherapy for severe cases.

Newborn jaundice is yellowing of the skin and eyes due to a high level of bilirubin in the blood; it is very common and usually physiological, resolving within days. Most cases are mild, but a severe rise needs phototherapy to avoid brain complications, so follow-up is important.

Alopecia areata is a chronic autoimmune condition causing sudden hair loss in round patches due to immune system attacking hair follicles. Treatment includes topical and injected corticosteroids, with JAK inhibitors prescribed for extensive cases.

Androgenetic alopecia (male pattern baldness) is progressive hair loss caused by genetic predisposition and hair follicle sensitivity to DHT hormone. Treatment options include topical and oral medications, advanced procedures like PRP, or hair transplantation.

Gingivitis and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory diseases affecting the gums and tooth-supporting tissues, causing redness, swelling, and potential tooth loss. Treatment includes improved oral hygiene, professional scaling, antibiotics, and surgery in advanced cases.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal brain electrical activity. It is treated with antiepileptic medications that control seizures in approximately 75% of patients with a single drug.