What are the different parts of the throat that can be affected by laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer?

Throat cancer is an overarching term encompassing several types of cancers that arise in specific areas of the throat. The classification and naming of the disease depend primarily on the anatomical part where the tumor begins to grow [1]. Understanding these parts is the cornerstone of determining the diagnostic path and establishing the appropriate treatment plan for each individual case.

Detailed Anatomy of Throat Regions

The throat area can be divided into several main parts, any of which may be affected by cancerous cells:

• Nasopharynx: This is the upper part of the throat, located directly behind the nose [1]. This area plays a vital role in the airway, and malignancy here is associated with certain factors such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) [3].
• Oropharynx: This part includes the middle of the throat behind the mouth and contains important structures such as the tonsils and the base of the tongue [1].
• Hypopharynx: This represents the lowest part of the pharynx, located specifically above the laryngeal area [1].
• Larynx: Also known as the voice box, it is responsible for producing sound and breathing. The larynx is further divided into three distinct parts:
  • Supraglottis: The upper part that includes the epiglottis and sits above the vocal cords [2].
  • Glottis: The middle part where the vocal cords are located [2].
  • Subglottis: The lower part located between the vocal cords and the trachea [2].

Why is Determining Tumor Location Vital?

Knowing the exact location of the tumor is not just an anatomical detail; it is a critical factor in diagnosing the condition and predicting the disease progression. For example, the association with risk factors varies by region; Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a known risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer [1]. Symptoms, such as voice changes, difficulty swallowing, or feeling a lump in the neck, may also vary in severity and impact based on the affected site [1], [2].

Practical Steps When Observing Symptoms

If you experience any persistent symptoms such as hoarseness that does not improve, chronic ear pain, or difficulty swallowing, you should consult a specialist for a thorough physical examination. The diagnostic stage may include advanced imaging techniques or a tissue biopsy [1]. Be aware that treatment plans can include various options such as surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy that precisely hits cancer cells [1]. For a deeper understanding of prevention and managing the disease, please review our guide on Laryngeal and Pharyngeal Cancer: Warning Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options (Arabic). Seeking timely medical care upon noticing unexplained changes in throat function is the most important step to ensuring an accurate diagnosis.

Medical references

• Throat Cancer
• Childhood Laryngeal Tumors (PDQ®)–Patient Version
• Childhood Nasopharyngeal Cancer (PDQ®)–Patient Version