Can leishmaniasis be fatal?

Yes, leishmaniasis can be fatal, especially if it remains untreated. There are several forms of leishmaniasis, some of which are more dangerous than others. Visceral leishmaniasis and mucosal leishmaniasis are the most life-threatening. Visceral leishmaniasis is usually fatal if left untreated, while mucosal leishmaniasis can be fatal if it affects the throat and causes tissue destruction.

Visceral Leishmaniasis: The Most Lethal

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is the most serious form of the disease. This type affects internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Its symptoms usually include fever, weight loss, and enlargement of the spleen and liver. If visceral leishmaniasis is not diagnosed and treated early, it is usually fatal. Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV or suffering from malnutrition, may find treating visceral leishmaniasis more difficult [2].

Mucosal Leishmaniasis: A Life Threat

Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is a severe form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) that can cause sores in the nose, mouth, or throat. This type can be life-threatening if not treated correctly, as it can lead to the destruction of the mucous membrane tissues in these areas [2]. It is very important to receive appropriate treatment for mucosal leishmaniasis to prevent this serious tissue destruction.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Less Lethal but Requires Treatment

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of the disease and causes skin sores. Although these sores can change in size and appearance over time, take months or years to heal, and leave large scars, they are not usually considered directly life-threatening like other forms [2]. In some cases, skin sores may heal on their own without treatment, depending on the type of parasite causing the disease. However, it is still important to consult a healthcare provider to assess the condition and determine the best course of treatment.

When to Seek Medical Care?

If you have traveled to or stayed in an area where leishmaniasis is prevalent and you develop symptoms, it is essential to see a healthcare provider immediately [2]. Symptoms that warrant attention include persistent fever, unexplained weight loss, enlargement of the spleen or liver, skin sores that do not heal, or sores in the nose, mouth, or throat [1]. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential, especially for visceral and mucosal leishmaniasis, to increase the chances of recovery and prevent complications that may be fatal. A healthcare provider can perform necessary tests, such as examining tissue samples from skin sores or bone marrow, or blood tests, to diagnose the disease [3]. For more information on the transmission and prevention of leishmaniasis, you can visit Leishmaniasis: Transmission, Prevention, and Treatment (Arabic).

Medical references

• Leishmaniasis
• About Leishmaniasis
• Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases