What are the common symptoms of myelodysplastic syndromes?

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) often do not cause early symptoms and may sometimes be discovered during a routine blood test. However, when symptoms do occur, they are usually related to the deficiency of healthy blood cells produced by the bone marrow. Common symptoms include shortness of breath and a feeling of weakness or fatigue, in addition to skin being paler than usual. Those affected may also experience easy bruising or bleeding, the appearance of small red spots under the skin caused by bleeding (known as petechiae), as well as frequent fever or infections [1].

Understanding the Cause of Symptoms

Myelodysplastic syndromes arise when stem cells in the bone marrow do not mature into healthy blood cells. Many of these immature cells die within the bone marrow, meaning the body does not have enough healthy blood cells. This deficiency leads to the appearance of various symptoms. For example, a lack of healthy red blood cells can cause anemia, which manifests as shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, and pale skin [1].

A lack of platelets, which are the cells responsible for blood clotting, leads to easy bruising and bleeding, as well as the appearance of petechiae. Additionally, a deficiency in healthy white blood cells, which fight infection, makes the body more susceptible to frequent fever and infections [1].

When Should You Consult a Doctor?

Because the symptoms of myelodysplastic syndromes can be similar to those of other conditions, it is important to consult a doctor if you notice any of these signs. The doctor can perform the necessary tests to determine the cause. These tests usually include a complete blood count (CBC) that measures the number of red and white blood cells and platelets, as well as a bone marrow examination [2]. These tests are essential for an accurate diagnosis and for determining the appropriate treatment plan.

The Importance of Early Diagnosis and Follow-up

Although myelodysplastic syndromes may not cause symptoms in their early stages, early diagnosis is important for managing the condition. Factors such as the number of blast cells in the bone marrow, the types of blood cells affected, and the presence of anemia, bleeding, or infection symptoms can influence the course of the disease and treatment options [2]. For more information about these syndromes and treatment options, you can visit Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Understanding Bone Marrow Disorders and Treatment Options (Arabic).

Available Treatment Options

Treatment aims to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life, and may include blood transfusions to compensate for the deficiency in blood cells, or medication to slow the progression of the disease. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be a treatment option [2]. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the type of myelodysplastic syndrome, the patient's age, their general health, and the risks associated with progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [2].

Medical references

• Myelodysplastic Syndromes
• Myelodysplastic Syndromes Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version