Is cerebral palsy an inherited disease?

Cerebral palsy (CP) is not an inherited disease in the traditional sense, where it is passed directly from parents to children via a single defective gene. Instead, it is a group of neurological disorders that affect movement, balance, and posture, occurring as a result of abnormal development or damage to the developing brain [1]. In most cases (approximately 85% to 90%), cerebral palsy is congenital, meaning it occurs before or during birth, and often the specific cause is unknown [2].

Causes and Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy results from abnormal brain development or brain damage, which can occur at various stages. Potential causes and risk factors include:

• Genetic changes: Although cerebral palsy is not directly inherited, certain genetic changes can increase the risk of developing it, as they may affect brain development [1].
• Brain malformations: Abnormalities in brain formation may occur during pregnancy [1].
• Infections and fever during pregnancy: Exposure of the pregnant mother to certain infections or fevers can affect the developing fetus's brain [1].
• Oxygen deprivation: In rare cases, oxygen deprivation to the brain during birth can lead to cerebral palsy [2].
• Premature birth and low birth weight: Babies born prematurely or with low birth weight are more susceptible to cerebral palsy [3].
• Multiple pregnancy: Twins or multiple births increase the risk of cerebral palsy [3].
• Severe newborn jaundice: In rare cases, severe and untreated jaundice can lead to brain damage [3].
• Head injuries: Acquired cerebral palsy can occur after birth as a result of head injuries, such as car accidents or falls, or as a result of infections like meningitis or encephalitis [1].

Can Cerebral Palsy Be Prevented?

Cerebral palsy resulting from genetic changes or brain malformations that occur early in development cannot be prevented. However, some risk factors can be managed or avoided to reduce the likelihood of occurrence [1]:

• Regular prenatal care: Good prenatal care helps reduce the risks of premature birth or low fetal weight, and manages any maternal health conditions that might increase risk [1].
• Vaccinations: Ensuring the pregnant mother receives necessary vaccinations against certain infections that may cause cerebral palsy in the developing fetus, such as rubella [1].
• Prevention of head injuries: Using appropriate child car seats and other protective devices can prevent head injuries that may lead to acquired cerebral palsy [1].

Diagnosis and Care

Early diagnosis of cerebral palsy is crucial for improving the quality of life for an affected child. Diagnosis is typically made by monitoring a child's growth and development, performing developmental screening tests, as well as medical evaluations, laboratory tests, and imaging tests such as a brain MRI [1]. If you notice any concerning signs regarding your child's development, such as delays in reaching developmental motor milestones (like rolling over, sitting, crawling, or walking), it is important to consult a physician immediately [2].

There is no cure for cerebral palsy, but early treatment can significantly improve the affected person's capabilities. Treatment involves a team of healthcare professionals and combines medications, surgery, assistive devices (such as braces and wheelchairs), and physical, occupational, and speech therapy [1]. For more information on care and support at different stages of life, you can visit Cerebral Palsy: A Comprehensive Guide to Care and Support at Different Life Stages (Arabic).

Indicators Requiring Immediate Attention

Although cerebral palsy is non-progressive and does not worsen over time, the appearance of new symptoms or a rapid, continuous loss of motor skills may indicate a problem other than cerebral palsy. In these cases, immediate medical attention should be sought to rule out other conditions such as genetic diseases, metabolic disorders, or tumors in the nervous system [3]. If you notice any of these signs suddenly, contact emergency services immediately, as they may be signs of a stroke [3].

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Medical references

• Cerebral Palsy
• About Cerebral Palsy
• Cerebral Palsy