Is infective endocarditis a contagious disease that spreads from person to person?

The direct answer is no; infective endocarditis is not a contagious disease and does not spread from one person to another as is the case with common infectious diseases like the flu or the common cold [1]. Although it is termed "infective," this term indicates that the cause of the inflammation is an infection resulting from microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi, not how it is transmitted between individuals [3].

Why is it called "infective" endocarditis?

This term is used for the condition because it arises as a result of germs invading the internal structure of the heart. Normally, our bodies possess an immune system capable of eliminating germs that may enter the bloodstream incidentally through skin wounds, dental procedures, or surgeries [1]. When the immune system cannot eliminate these germs, they may settle in the heart, specifically on its valves or inner lining, where they begin to multiply and form clumps that cause inflammation and damage [3].

Mechanism of Infection and Risk Factors

Infective endocarditis does not typically attack healthy hearts. Instead, it mostly occurs when there is a "fertile ground" that allows germs to adhere and grow. The likelihood of infection is higher in people who suffer from structural heart problems, such as heart valve diseases, congenital defects, the presence of prosthetic valves, or implanted devices like pacemakers [1]. Oral and gum health also plays a pivotal role; gum disease and poor dental care increase the risk of bacteria leaking from the mouth into the bloodstream [3]. In addition, intravenous drug use or the presence of a central venous catheter for long periods are factors that increase this risk [1].

Symptoms and the Necessity of Medical Intervention

Symptoms of infective endocarditis can appear gradually or suddenly, and range from fever and chills, general fatigue, shortness of breath, and night sweats [1]. Physicians may also note a new heart murmur or skin changes such as painful red spots. Leaving this condition untreated is dangerous, as bacterial clumps can damage heart valves, cause heart failure, or spread to other vital organs, leading to severe complications such as sepsis [1]. For more details on symptoms and how to prevent it, you can view our comprehensive guide on Infective Endocarditis: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Prevention for Heart Patients (Arabic).

Prevention Strategies

Prevention is possible and necessary, especially for those at higher risk. Prevention begins with strict oral and dental hygiene, including periodic cleaning at the dentist [3]. For high-risk patients, the attending physician may recommend taking prophylactic doses of antibiotics before dental procedures or certain surgeries to reduce the chances of bacteria entering the bloodstream [1]. One must also always take care to sanitize wounds and scratches immediately when they occur to avoid the entry of any infectious agents.

Medical references

• Endocarditis
• Heart Inflammation Endocarditis