What are the tonsils and what is their function in the human body?

The tonsils are two masses of tissue located at the back of the throat, one on each side. The tonsils are an essential part of the body's lymphatic system, which plays a vital role in fighting infection and maintaining the balance of body fluids [1].

The function of the tonsils in the immune system

The tonsils, along with the adenoids, act as a first line of defense against germs that enter the body through the mouth and nose. Their main function is to trap these germs and prevent them from reaching other parts of the respiratory and digestive systems, thus playing an important role in protecting the body from infection [1].

When do the tonsils become inflamed?

Tonsillitis is the swelling or inflammation of the tonsils. This inflammation is often caused by a viral infection, but it can also result from a bacterial infection, such as streptococcal throat bacteria [1]. Tonsillitis is particularly common among children over the age of two, and most children will have it at least once. Bacterial infections are more common in children between the ages of 5 and 15, while viral infections are more prevalent in younger children [1].

Common symptoms of tonsillitis

Common symptoms of tonsillitis include:

• Sore throat, which may be severe [1].
• Red and swollen tonsils [1].
• Difficulty swallowing [1].
• A white or yellow coating on the tonsils [1].
• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck [1].
• Fever [1].
• Bad breath [1].

Potential complications requiring immediate care

In some rare cases, tonsillitis may lead to serious complications that require immediate medical attention. One such complication is a peritonsillar abscess, which is a collection of infected material around the tonsils. This can cause airway obstruction if it spreads to the neck and chest, constituting a life-threatening medical emergency [2]. Symptoms of a peritonsillar abscess include fever and chills, severe sore throat (usually on one side), difficulty opening the mouth, and difficulty swallowing or drooling [2].

Seek emergency care immediately if your child has difficulty breathing, begins drooling excessively, or has extreme difficulty swallowing [1]. The appearance of high-pitched breathing sounds (stridor), retractions (the skin sucking in between the ribs when breathing), or difficulty moving the head all require urgent medical assistance [2].

If you are concerned about recurrent tonsillitis in your child, you can learn more about when tonsil removal is necessary by visiting Recurrent Tonsillitis in Children: When is Removal Necessary? (Arabic).

Medical references

• Tonsillitis
• Peritonsillar abscess