What are the main symptoms of gum disease?

Gum disease (periodontal disease) is an inflammation of the tissues that support your teeth in place. It typically develops due to poor oral hygiene, which allows for the buildup of plaque—a sticky film of bacteria. If plaque is not removed, it hardens into tartar, which can lead to gum disease. Gum disease usually begins as gingivitis, the mildest form of the disease, and can progress to periodontitis, a more serious form that may result in tooth loss if left untreated [1].

Early Symptoms of Gum Disease

In the initial stages, symptoms of gum disease may not always be obvious, but there are signs to watch for. The main early symptoms of gingivitis include:

• Red and swollen gums: Gums become redder and more swollen than usual.
• Bleeding gums: You may notice bleeding easily when brushing or flossing [1].
• Tender gums: Gums may be painful to the touch or when eating.

These symptoms indicate gingivitis, the first stage of gum disease. At this stage, the condition can usually be reversed by improving daily oral hygiene habits and visiting the dentist regularly [3].

Progression of Symptoms in Advanced Stages

If gingivitis is not treated, it can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form that affects the bones and tissues supporting the teeth. Symptoms at this stage include:

• Gum recession: The gums begin to pull away from the teeth, making the teeth appear longer [1]. This recession can lead to the formation of pockets between the teeth and gums, where bacteria accumulate and become infected [2].
• Tooth sensitivity: Teeth may become sensitive to heat or cold due to exposed tooth roots.
• Loose or shifting teeth: As the supporting bone is destroyed, teeth may become loose or start to shift from their position [1]. In severe cases, teeth may require extraction [1].
• Pain when chewing: You may feel pain when chewing food [1].
• Persistent bad breath: Persistent bad breath that does not go away with brushing and flossing may be a sign of infection [1].

It is important to note that diabetes can increase the risk of developing and worsening gum disease, as it affects oral health and makes individuals more susceptible to infections [2]. For more information on gum disease and its prevention, you can visit Gum Disease: Inflammation, Tooth Loss, and Prevention (Arabic).

When Should You See a Dentist?

If you notice any of the symptoms mentioned above, especially persistent bleeding gums, swelling, or loose teeth, it is essential to see a dentist immediately [2]. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the disease from progressing and protect your teeth and gums. Your dentist will examine your gums and teeth and may use a probe to measure the depth of the pockets around the teeth, as deep pockets (greater than 3 millimeters) indicate the presence of periodontal disease [1]. The dentist may also request X-rays to determine the extent of bone loss [1].

Preventive Steps to Maintain Gum Health

Prevention is key to maintaining healthy gums and avoiding the worsening of gum disease. Basic preventive steps include:

• Brushing twice daily: Use a fluoride toothpaste [1].
• Flossing regularly: This helps remove plaque and food debris from between teeth and below the gum line [1].
• Regular dental visits: See your dentist for check-ups and professional cleanings, usually every six months or as recommended by your dentist [1].
• Quit smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for gum disease and can delay healing and reduce the success of treatment [1].
• Manage chronic conditions: If you have diabetes, maintaining your blood sugar levels within the target range helps reduce the risk of gum disease and other oral health problems [2].

Good oral care, including regular cleanings and necessary treatments, will help you prevent these problems or stop them from worsening [2].

Medical references

• Periodontal (Gum) Disease
• Diabetes, Gum Disease, & Other Dental Problems
• Gum Disease