What is Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)?

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine that typically appears in late childhood or during adolescence, specifically during the rapid growth spurt. Instead of growing straight, the spine develops a lateral curve, often in an "S" or "C" shape, and the spinal vertebrae may also be slightly rotated or twisted [1].

Idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type of spinal deformity in children, affecting an estimated 2 to 3 percent of them [1]. Although mild curves are equally prevalent among girls and boys, severe and progressive curves occur more commonly in girls for unknown reasons [1].

Why is it called "idiopathic"?

The term "idiopathic" indicates that the exact cause of this condition is unknown [1]. Researchers believe that AIS may result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors [1]. Studies suggest that the abnormal spinal curvature may be related to hormonal problems, abnormal bone or muscle growth, neurological abnormalities, or other factors yet to be determined [1].

Research indicates that many genes may be involved in AIS. Some of these genes may contribute to the development of the disorder, while others play a role in determining the severity of the spinal curvature and whether the curve is stable or progressive [1]. Having a first-degree relative (such as a parent or sibling) with AIS increases a child's risk of developing the condition [1].

Signs and symptoms of scoliosis

Mild scoliosis often causes no pain, mobility issues, or breathing difficulties, and it may only be diagnosed if noted during a routine physical exam or a school scoliosis screening [1]. The most common signs of the condition include [3]:

• Tilted or uneven shoulders, hips, or waist.
• One shoulder blade (upper back) appearing more prominent than the other.
• One side of the rib cage appearing higher than the other when bending forward.
• One leg may appear longer than the other.

In a small percentage of affected children, a more severe and noticeable curvature of the spine develops. If scoliosis is progressive and the curve is more severe, changes in the shape of the spine can lead to back pain. In very rare cases, some children may experience breathing difficulties if the curvature is severe [3].

Diagnosis and next steps

Scoliosis is diagnosed by examining the child or adolescent and performing an X-ray [3]. These procedures help doctors create a treatment plan based on the location and severity of the curve [3]. Children and adolescents with mild curves may only need to visit the doctor for regular check-ups to monitor the progression of the curve [3]. While others may require bracing or surgery [2].

It is important to follow up with a specialist to determine the optimal course of treatment. You can learn more about the various treatment options for scoliosis, including observation, bracing, and surgery, by visiting Adolescent Scoliosis Monitoring: Bracing and Surgery (Arabic).

Medical references

• Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
• Scoliosis
• Scoliosis in Children and Teens