What is the pleura and what is its function?

The pleura is a thin, large layer of tissue that wraps around the outer surface of each lung and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity [3]. This membrane consists of two main layers: an inner layer that adheres directly to the lung, and an outer layer that lines the chest wall. Between these two layers, there is a very narrow space known as the pleural space, which usually contains a small amount of pleural fluid [3].

Function of the Pleura

The primary function of the pleura and the fluid between its layers is to facilitate the smooth movement of the lungs within the chest during breathing [3]. This fluid acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the pleural layers as the lungs expand and contract with each inhalation and exhalation. This allows the lungs to slide freely without significant resistance, making the breathing process efficient and comfortable.

Common Pleural Disorders

Several conditions can affect the pleura and hinder its normal function. The most notable of these disorders include:

• Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura, which causes sharp pain during breathing [3]. It is often caused by a viral infection [3].
• Pleural Effusion: This occurs when an excessive amount of fluid accumulates in the pleural space [3]. This fluid can press on the lungs and make breathing difficult [1]. Common causes of pleural effusion include congestive heart failure [3], as well as certain types of cancer, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and lymphomas [1]. Pleural effusion can also be a result of radiation therapy or chemotherapy [1].
• Pneumothorax: The accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space [3].
• Hemothorax: The accumulation of blood in the pleural space, often caused by a chest injury [3].

Symptoms of Pleural Disorders

Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity of the disorder, but common symptoms may include shortness of breath and coughing [1]. The patient may also feel pain or discomfort in the chest [1]. If you are experiencing shortness of breath, a persistent cough, or chest pain, it is important to consult a doctor to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.

When to Seek Medical Attention?

If you are experiencing severe shortness of breath, sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing, or a persistent cough accompanied by any of these symptoms, you should seek immediate medical attention. These symptoms may indicate a serious condition that requires urgent assessment and treatment.

For more information on pleural disorders, you can visit Pleural Disorders: Chest Pain, Shortness of Breath, and Fluid Accumulation (Arabic).

Medical references

• Pleural Disorders
• Cardiopulmonary Syndromes (PDQ®)–Patient Version