What is the difference between an infection and sepsis?

Infection and sepsis are related terms, but they differ significantly in their implications and severity. An infection is the entry and multiplication of germs (such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi) within the body, which may lead to symptoms of illness. An infection can be localized, such as an inflamed wound or a sore throat, or widespread in the body. In most cases, the body's immune system can handle the infection, or it is treated with appropriate medications [1].

Sepsis, on the other hand, is the body's extreme and dangerous response to an existing infection. Sepsis is not the infection itself, but rather a severe and dysregulated immune reaction to the infection that triggers a series of inflammatory responses throughout the body. This excessive immune response can cause tissue damage, affect vital organs, and lead to organ failure and even death if not treated quickly [2].

How does an infection develop into sepsis?

Sepsis occurs when an existing infection triggers a chain reaction in the body. Although bacterial infections are the most common cause of sepsis, other types of infections, including viral and fungal, can also lead to it. The infection that causes sepsis can start anywhere in the body, most often in the lungs, digestive system, kidneys, bladder, or even from a small wound or after surgery [1].

Under normal circumstances, the body releases immune-mediating chemicals to fight an infection. However, in cases of sepsis, these mediators become uncontrolled, causing widespread inflammation, blood clots, and leaky blood vessels. This leads to impaired blood flow, depriving organs of oxygen and nutrients, and consequently, organ damage [3].

Sepsis symptoms and warning signs

It is very important to recognize the symptoms of sepsis because rapid medical intervention is essential. Sepsis can present with one or more of the following symptoms:

• High or low body temperature (fever or feeling very cold) with shivering [1]
• Rapid breathing and heart rate [2]
• Shortness of breath [1]
• Confusion or disorientation [2]
• Severe pain or general discomfort [1]
• Damp or sweaty skin [2]

If you suspect that you or someone you know may have sepsis, or if an infection is not improving or is getting worse, it is necessary to seek immediate medical care. Sepsis is a life-threatening medical emergency [1].

Who is most at risk for sepsis?

Anyone with an infection can develop sepsis, but some groups are more vulnerable, including [1]:

• Adults aged 65 or older.
• People with chronic health conditions such as diabetes, lung disease, cancer, and kidney disease.
• People with a weakened immune system.
• Pregnant women.
• Children under one year of age.

Diagnosis and immediate treatment

To diagnose sepsis, a healthcare provider evaluates medical history and performs a physical examination that includes checking vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing). They may order laboratory tests to look for signs of infection or organ damage. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or CT scans, may be included to locate the source of the infection [1].

Immediate treatment for sepsis is crucial. Treatment usually includes antibiotics, maintaining blood flow to organs (via oxygen and intravenous fluids), and treating the source of the infection. In severe cases, medications to raise blood pressure, dialysis, a breathing tube, or even surgery to remove damaged tissue may be required [1]. For more information about this medical emergency, you can visit Sepsis: When infection becomes a life-threatening emergency (Arabic).

Medical references

• Sepsis
• About Sepsis
• What Is Sepsis?