What is the role of diet in preventing atherosclerosis?

Diet plays a fundamental and critical role in preventing atherosclerosis, a condition caused by the accumulation of plaque within the arteries, which leads to narrowing and restricts the flow of oxygen-rich blood to vital organs. Diet is not merely a method for weight management; it is a preventive therapeutic tool based on selecting foods that support vascular integrity and reduce factors causing arterial damage, as plaque accumulation occurs over time and is influenced by various lifestyle factors [1].

Foundations of a Heart-Healthy Preventive Diet

An effective dietary strategy for preventing atherosclerosis focuses on nutrient-dense foods that promote heart health. Key recommendations include increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. These foods provide fiber and antioxidants necessary to improve vascular function and protect against inflammation. Relying on these food groups helps control cholesterol and blood pressure levels, both of which are major factors leading to atherosclerosis. You can read more about comprehensive management of the condition in our article on Atherosclerosis: Early Screening, Prevention, and Risk Management (Arabic).

Foods to Limit

To reduce the risk of plaque buildup, it is essential to reduce or avoid foods high in saturated fats, salt (sodium), and added sugars. Saturated fats contribute directly to rising levels of bad cholesterol in the blood, which is a primary component of arterial plaque. Excessive salt intake also leads to high blood pressure, which increases mechanical stress on arterial walls and makes them more susceptible to damage and fat accumulation [1]. Added sugars are equally dangerous, as they are linked to weight gain and insulin resistance, exacerbating the risk of atherosclerosis in people with diabetes or metabolic syndrome.

Caution Regarding Quick Fixes and Myths

Patients or those at risk of atherosclerosis often seek therapeutic alternatives, such as "chelation therapy" using EDTA. It is important to clarify that this treatment, which relies on intravenous injections to bind minerals, has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of heart disease. Research studies (such as the TACT and TACT2 trials) have shown that findings regarding the efficacy of this procedure are conflicting; the TACT2 study failed to confirm previous findings, and the procedure is associated with serious health risks such as low blood calcium levels and kidney damage. Therefore, it should not be adopted as a substitute for established diets or medical treatments [3].

Practical Tips and Comprehensive Lifestyle

In addition to diet, daily life habits must be regulated to enhance prevention. This includes controlling alcohol consumption; men are advised not to exceed two drinks per day, and women one drink or less. Regular physical activity is also a cornerstone, provided you consult a doctor to determine the appropriate level of exertion based on individual health status. Any unexplained symptoms such as leg pain while walking, shortness of breath, or angina should be monitored, as these signs require immediate medical evaluation to verify the state of the arteries, especially when risk factors like smoking or a family history of high cholesterol are present [1] [2].

Medical references

• Atherosclerosis
• Angioplasty and stent placement - peripheral arteries
• Chelation for Coronary Heart Disease: What You Need To Know