What are over-the-counter (OTC) medicines and what are the precautions for their safe use?

Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are pharmaceutical products authorized for sale and consumption without the need for direct medical consultation or a prescription from a physician, as regulatory bodies have determined their safety and efficacy for self-use when instructions provided are strictly followed [1]. These medicines are intended to manage symptoms of common conditions and relieve pain, providing individuals with greater flexibility in managing their health; however, this independence in care requires full awareness of the limits of safe use to avoid risks [3].

Understanding the Drug Label: The First Line of Defense

The drug label is the most important reference for the patient. Not all medicines, even those belonging to the same brand family, should be considered identical or equally effective. When reading the label, focus on the "Active Ingredients" that define the nature of the treatment, and the "Warnings" section, which specifies conditions where taking the medicine is contraindicated or must be stopped immediately [1]. Reading the "Directions" accurately also prevents overdosing or misuse. Remember that exceeding the dosage or taking it too frequently does not mean faster recovery, but may expose you to serious health risks [1].

Drug Interactions and Important Health Restrictions

OTC medicines may cause adverse interactions when combined with other substances. For example, mixing alcohol with many of these medicines, especially antihistamines or cough medicines containing dextromethorphan, is prohibited as it increases the risk of severe drowsiness, dizziness, and impaired motor coordination, which hinders the ability to drive or perform hazardous tasks [2]. Furthermore, some medicines may interact with nutritional supplements or exacerbate certain health conditions; for instance, patients with high blood pressure must avoid certain types of nasal decongestants unless approved by a physician [1]. Likewise, the use of laxatives is contraindicated in the presence of severe stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting, as they may mask symptoms that require urgent diagnosis [1].

Care for Children and Pregnant Women: Special Handling

Handling certain groups requires extra caution. Children are not considered "miniature adults"; therefore, the dosage should not be estimated based on the child's size, but one must strictly adhere to the dosages specified for ages and weights stated on the package. Avoid using household kitchen spoons to measure liquid medicines; replace them with a medical measuring spoon or a graduated dosing cup to ensure accuracy and avoid drug poisoning [3]. As for pregnant and breastfeeding women, they must consult a physician or pharmacist before taking any medicine, as many therapeutic substances may pass to the fetus or through breast milk and cause undesirable effects [1].

When Should You Consult a Physician Immediately?

The goal of OTC medicines is to treat simple and temporary symptoms. If symptoms persist for a long time, worsen unexpectedly, or if new symptoms appear, you must stop using the medicine and seek medical care. Never attempt to treat ambiguous or persistent symptoms on your own. For more details on preventive guidelines, read about OTC Medicines: Safe Use and Limits (Arabic).

Medical references

• Over-the-Counter Medicines: What's Right for You?
• Harmful Interactions
• Over-the-Counter Medicines