What are the main factors contributing to homelessness?

Homelessness is a complex phenomenon resulting from the interaction of a range of economic, social, and health factors, and it generally cannot be attributed to a single cause. These factors combined can lead individuals to lose their shelter, whether temporarily or chronically [1].

Economic and Social Factors

Economic factors are among the most prominent contributors to homelessness. Poverty and a lack of sufficient income to cover housing and food costs play a central role. Furthermore, unemployment or job instability limits individuals' ability to secure permanent housing. Additionally, a shortage of affordable housing makes it difficult for low-income individuals to find a safe place to live, even if they are employed [1].

Social factors also include exposure to violence or trauma, such as domestic violence or intimate partner violence, which may drive individuals to leave their homes in search of safety. Legal issues or involvement with the justice system can also hinder opportunities for stable housing or employment. In some cases, divorce or the death of a partner or a parent can destabilize financial and social security, increasing the risk of homelessness [1].

The Impact of Health Issues and Disabilities

Health issues play a major role in the occurrence of homelessness, as serious and sudden illnesses can lead to exorbitant medical costs and a loss of the ability to work, which depletes savings and leaves individuals unable to afford housing expenses [1]. Physical or mental disabilities can also limit employment opportunities and increase the need for special support, making securing housing a greater challenge.

Mental disorders and substance abuse are key factors that increase the risk of homelessness. Mental health issues, such as depression, severe anxiety, or psychotic disorders, can affect a person's ability to maintain stable employment or social relationships, making them susceptible to losing their shelter. Similarly, alcohol or drug addiction can lead to a deterioration in financial and social status and increases the difficulty of obtaining necessary healthcare and support [1].

The Cycle of Homelessness and Health

It is important to understand that the relationship between homelessness and health is reciprocal; poor health can contribute to homelessness, and conversely, homelessness can lead to deteriorating health [1]. People living without shelter often face difficulty accessing adequate healthcare, suffer from malnutrition, and are exposed to unsanitary living conditions, which increases the risk of infectious and non-communicable diseases such as lung disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis [1] [2]. Additionally, constant stress and exposure to violence exacerbate mental health issues [2]. You can read more about the impact of homelessness on physical and mental health via Homelessness and Health: The Impact of Lacking Shelter on Physical and Mental Health (Arabic).

Steps for Help and Support

If you or someone you know is at risk of or experiencing homelessness, it is essential to seek help. Local homeless assistance agencies can provide necessary support, such as access to shelters, healthcare centers, and free meals [1]. Obtaining health and social support early on can reduce the escalation of problems and help in finding sustainable solutions. It is important to contact healthcare providers to assess any physical or mental health issues and receive appropriate treatment, as addressing these issues can be a fundamental step toward regaining stability [1].

Medical references

• Homelessness and Health
• About Homelessness and Health