What is rheumatic fever and what is its relation to Streptococcus bacteria?

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory condition that can affect the heart, joints, skin, and brain. It arises as a result of an abnormal immune system response in the body following an infection with certain types of Group A Streptococcus bacteria that have not been treated or have not been treated adequately [3]. In other words, rheumatic fever is not a direct infection by the bacteria itself, but rather the result of an immune system reaction where the body may mistakenly attack healthy tissues while attempting to fight remnants of the streptococcal infection [3].

How is Streptococcus related to rheumatic fever?

Group A Streptococcus bacteria are common microorganisms that are often found in the throat or nose of infected individuals and can cause infections such as strep throat or scarlet fever [1]. If this infection is not completely eliminated using appropriate antibiotics, it may trigger the immune system to produce an excessive response. Since some proteins in these bacteria resemble proteins found in the body's tissues (such as the heart valves or joints), the immune system may fail to distinguish between them and attack these tissues, leading to the inflammation that is the core of rheumatic fever [3].

The importance of rapid diagnosis and treatment

To reduce the risk of rheumatic fever, any potential streptococcal infection must be taken seriously. If a person suffers from a sore throat with symptoms such as swelling or white patches, it is essential to see a doctor for necessary tests, such as a throat swab or a rapid test, to check for the presence of Streptococcus bacteria [1]. When a doctor prescribes a full course of antibiotics, it is of the utmost importance to complete it entirely until the specified duration ends, to ensure the total eradication of the bacteria and prevent any subsequent complications that may affect long-term heart health [1].

Prevention and health awareness

Prevention of rheumatic fever depends primarily on general hygiene practices to limit the spread of bacteria, such as washing hands regularly with soap and water, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding sharing personal items like utensils or cups with infected individuals [3]. It should also be noted that the presence of Streptococcus bacteria does not always manifest with clear symptoms, so awareness of symptoms and seeking prompt medical care remain the first line of defense [1]. For more details on the nature of this infection and how to deal with it, you can review our comprehensive article on Streptococcal Infections: Types, Symptoms, and Prevention (Arabic).

When should urgent medical care be sought?

A doctor should be consulted immediately if symptoms indicating a streptococcal infection appear, especially in children aged 5 to 15 years, as they are more susceptible to these infections [1]. It is also advised to seek healthcare if unexplained joint pain, persistent fever, or any abnormal signs appear shortly after a sore throat, in order to rule out or treat any inflammatory complications that might affect vital organs in the body [3].

Medical references

• Streptococcal Infections
• About Group A Strep Infection