What is the definition of sexual assault and what are its different forms?

Sexual assault is any activity, contact, or experience of a sexual nature that occurs without the explicit and clear consent of the person involved. This means that sexual activity takes place even though the person did not agree to it. Sexual assault can take many forms and is not necessarily limited to direct physical contact [1].

What does "consent" mean?

Consent means that a person clearly and freely says "yes" to sexual activity. For consent to be valid, the person must be aware of and understand what is happening, and must be able to express what they do and do not want. Silence cannot be considered consent; not saying "no" does not mean "yes." Additionally, past consent does not imply permanent consent for all future sexual activities, even in ongoing relationships [1].

A person cannot give consent if they are under the influence of drugs or alcohol, unconscious, or asleep. Similarly, consent cannot be given if a person is mentally unable to do so due to illness or disability, or if they are a minor (according to local laws). Pressure, threats, or manipulation used to obtain consent do not constitute valid consent [1].

Forms of sexual assault

Sexual assault includes any unwanted sexual activity and can involve the following [1]:

• Sexual activity involving physical contact: This ranges from unwanted sexual touching or kissing to rape or attempted rape.
• Sexual activity without physical contact: This includes what may happen in person, online, or via text messages, such as:
• Exhibitionism (when a person exposes their genitals without permission).
• Being forced to watch sexual images or to pose for sexual images.
• Sending unwanted text messages containing sexual images or messages.
• Voyeurism (when a person watches private sexual acts without permission).
• Sexual threats or sexual harassment (unwelcome sexual comments, requests for sexual favors, or any other ongoing sexual behavior).

Sexual assault may occur through the use of physical force or threats, sexual coercion (pressure, deception, threats, or non-physical force), or while under the influence of alcohol or drugs [1].

Impact and next steps

Sexual assault can have profound and long-term physical and psychological health consequences. Physical effects may include bruising, genital injuries, sexually transmitted infections, and pregnancy. Psychological effects may include depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidal thoughts [1] [2]. It is very important for survivors to remember that sexual assault is never their fault [1].

If someone has been sexually assaulted, getting immediate support can help with coping and reducing long-term effects. Organizations specializing in survivor support can provide a safe and supportive environment. Various resources are available in Jordan to support sexual assault survivors, including psychological and legal support. Information about psychological and legal support for sexual assault survivors in Jordan (Arabic) can be useful in this context.

Medical references

• Sexual Assault
• About Sexual Violence