Are children and older adults more vulnerable to the health risks of volcanoes?

Yes, young children and older adults are considered more susceptible to the health risks associated with volcanoes, particularly concerning the impact of volcanic ash and gases on the respiratory system. Volcanic gases and ash can damage the lungs of young infants and older adults, as well as those with pre-existing acute respiratory conditions [1].

When volcanoes erupt, they release hot ash, steam, and toxic gases, such as sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, as well as fine, acidic particles that can reach deep into the lungs [2]. These substances can irritate the lungs and mucous membranes, affect lung function, and may exacerbate pre-existing respiratory conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [2].

Impact of Volcanic Ash and Gases on Children

The respiratory system of children, especially infants, is sensitive to the effects of volcanic ash and gases. Inhaling these fine particles can irritate their airways, causing coughing, shortness of breath, and increased mucus production [2]. Their asthma or allergies may worsen significantly when exposed to these pollutants. Children require care and protection from adults to reduce their exposure to risks [1].

Impact of Volcanic Ash and Gases on Older Adults

Older adults may suffer from chronic health conditions that affect the respiratory system, making them more susceptible to serious complications when exposed to volcanic ash and gases [1]. Inhaling these materials can exacerbate chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and COPD, and their symptoms may include breathing difficulties, coughing, headaches, low energy, and increased mucus production [2].

Protective Measures for Children and Older Adults

To reduce health risks for children and older adults when living near volcanic areas or exposed to volcanic ash, the following preventive measures are recommended:

• Stay Indoors: Children and older adults should stay inside homes as much as possible, keep windows and doors closed, and run air conditioning [2].
• Use Air Purifiers: Air purifiers can help reduce the concentration of harmful particles inside the home [2].
• Avoid Outdoor Physical Activity: People with lung conditions, including children and older adults, should limit outdoor physical activity [2].
• Wear Protective Masks: When it is absolutely necessary to go out, wear surgical paper or gauze masks that cover the nose and mouth. The mask can be dampened with a solution of baking soda and water to provide extra protection [2].
• Protect the Eyes: Wear protective goggles to shield eyes from ash [2].
• Follow an Emergency Plan: Families should have a disaster emergency plan, which can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses [1].
• Medical Consultation: Older adults and children with chronic respiratory diseases should consult their healthcare provider regarding a plan to manage their condition during exposure to volcanoes, and ensure their prescribed medications are available [2].

When to Seek Emergency Help?

If a person, especially a child or an older adult, experiences a sudden worsening of asthma or COPD symptoms and symptoms do not improve after using a rescue inhaler, emergency help must be sought immediately [2]. Symptoms that warrant calling a healthcare provider or seeking emergency help include: coughing with more phlegm than usual or a change in its color, coughing up blood, high fever (above 37.8°C), flu-like symptoms, severe chest pain or tightness, worsening shortness of breath or wheezing, or swelling in the legs or abdomen [2]. For more information on the health risks of volcanoes and how to prevent them, you can visit Health Risks of Volcanoes and Prevention (Arabic).

Medical references

• Volcanoes
• Lung problems and volcanic smog