What are the most dangerous volcanic gases for human health?

When volcanoes erupt, they release a mixture of hazardous gases, in addition to ash and dust. Among these gases, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is considered the most harmful to human health [2]. When this gas reacts with oxygen, moisture, and sunlight in the atmosphere, it forms what is known as volcanic smog or "Vog," which is a highly toxic type of air pollution [2].

Volcanic smog also contains fine acidic particles, most notably sulfuric acid and other sulfur compounds. These particles are small enough to be inhaled deeply into the lungs, causing irritation to the respiratory system and mucous membranes, and may affect lung function and the immune system [2].

The Impact of Volcanic Gases on the Lungs

Volcanic gases, especially volcanic smog, can cause significant lung irritation and exacerbate pre-existing lung problems [2]. Individuals with conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, or any other chronic lung condition are at the highest risk of being affected by these gases [2]. Inhaling these gases can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, increased mucus production, sore throat, and watery eye irritation [2].

Groups at Highest Risk

Infants, the elderly, and individuals with severe respiratory diseases are the most susceptible to lung damage from volcanic gases and ash [1]. These individuals should take extra precautions to protect themselves if exposed to volcanic gases.

How to Protect Yourself from Volcanic Gases and Smog

To reduce exposure to volcanic gases and volcanic smog and protect your health, you can take the following steps [2]:

• Stay indoors: Minimize outdoor physical activity as much as possible, especially if you have lung issues. Keep windows and doors closed and run an air conditioner. Using an air purifier can also help [2].
• Wear masks and protective eyewear: If you must go out, wear a paper surgical mask or gauze that covers your nose and mouth. The mask can be moistened with a solution of baking soda and water for increased protection. Wear goggles to protect your eyes from ash [2].
• Take prescribed medications: If you have asthma or COPD, consistently take your prescribed medications [2].
• Avoid smoking: Smoking increases lung irritation and must be strictly avoided under these conditions [2].
• Drink fluids: Drink plenty of fluids, especially warm liquids like tea, to keep your body hydrated [2].
• Practice breathing exercises: You can practice breathing exercises such as pursed-lip breathing or diaphragmatic breathing to maintain lung health as much as possible [2].
• Leave the area: If possible, leave the area affected by volcanic smog or avoid traveling to it [2].

For more information on how to protect your home from volcanic ash, you can visit Living Near Volcanoes: Health Risks and Prevention (Arabic).

When to Seek Emergency Medical Help

If you have asthma or COPD and symptoms suddenly worsen, try using your rescue inhaler. If symptoms do not improve, call your local emergency number immediately or have someone take you to the emergency room [2]. You should also contact your healthcare provider if you notice any of the following symptoms [2]:

• Cough accompanied by more mucus than usual or a change in its color.
• Coughing up blood.
• High fever (above 37.8°C).
• Flu-like symptoms.
• Severe chest pain or tightness.
• Worsening shortness of breath or wheezing.
• Swelling in the legs or abdomen.

Medical references

• Lung problems and volcanic smog
• Volcanoes