Can oral cancer affect children?

Although oral cancer commonly affects people over the age of 40, and is noted to be more prevalent among men, it can also affect children. Statistics indicate that most cases of oral cancer are linked to risk factors such as tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, or human papillomavirus (HPV) infection [1]. However, these factors are less common in children, which makes oral cancer rare among them.

Understanding Oral Cancer

Oral cancer is a type of head and neck cancer, often originating in the flat squamous cells that line the mouth, tongue, and lips [1]. This cancer can spread to deeper tissues as it progresses [2]. The oral cavity includes the lips, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the gums, the lining of the cheeks, the floor of the mouth under the tongue, the hard palate, and the small area behind the wisdom teeth [2].

Causes and Risk Factors in Children

While factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and HPV are the main causes of oral cancer in adults [3], these factors are much less common in childhood. Other risk factors may include excessive sun exposure (especially for lip cancer), malnutrition, and certain genetic defects [3]. However, the presence of one risk factor does not necessarily mean the disease will occur, and some cases may occur without any known risk factors [2].

Signs and Symptoms of Oral Cancer

Due to the rarity of oral cancer in children, symptoms may not always be obvious or may be misdiagnosed. However, it is important to pay attention to any unusual changes in the mouth. Potential symptoms include: a sore on the lips or mouth that does not heal, a white or red patch in the mouth, bleeding, pain, or numbness in the lips or mouth, or difficulty swallowing [1]. If any of these symptoms persist for more than two weeks, a dentist or healthcare provider should be consulted [1].

Diagnosis and Treatment

Early detection is vital because oral cancer can spread rapidly [3]. Diagnosis is typically performed through a physical examination of the lips and mouth, which may include taking a biopsy (a tissue sample for microscopic examination) or imaging tests [1]. The choice of treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, the size and location of the tumor, and the patient's age and overall health [3]. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy [1].

If you are concerned about your child's oral health, it is always best to consult a dentist or pediatrician. For more information about oral cancer in general, you can visit Oral Cancer: Early Signs, Risk Factors, and Steps for Diagnosis and Treatment (Arabic).

Medical references

• Oral Cancer
• Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version
• Oral Cancer