Can osteoarthritis be completely prevented?

Osteoarthritis (degenerative arthritis) cannot be completely prevented, as it is a condition that develops slowly over time and is influenced by several factors, some of which are beyond control. However, there are many measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of developing it or delay its onset, as well as to manage symptoms and prevent the condition from worsening if it is already present. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and typically affects the joints of the hands, knees, hips, neck, and lower back. In a healthy joint, smooth cartilage covers the ends of the bones and helps them glide smoothly during movement. With osteoarthritis, the cartilage wears away and becomes rough, and sometimes it may wear away completely, leading to bone-on-bone friction. Extra bone spurs may also develop in the joint area [1].

Risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing osteoarthritis

There are several factors that increase the likelihood of developing osteoarthritis, and understanding these factors can help in taking preventive steps. These factors include:

• Age: The chances of developing osteoarthritis increase with age, and it becomes more common in middle-aged and older adults. After the age of 50, it is more common in women than in men [1].
• Excess weight: Excess weight increases pressure on the joints, especially the hips and knees, which increases cartilage wear [1].
• Previous injuries: A previous injury or surgery to a joint can be a cause of osteoarthritis in younger adults [1].
• Overuse of the joint: Activities that involve overusing the joint, such as certain sports that involve jumping, twisting, running, or throwing frequently, can increase the risk [1].
• Joint misalignment: If a joint is not properly aligned, it can increase pressure on certain areas of the cartilage [1].
• Family history: Some people inherit genetic changes that increase their chances of developing osteoarthritis [1].

Strategies to reduce risk and manage symptoms

Although there is no cure for osteoarthritis, there are many strategies that can help manage symptoms and prevent the condition from worsening. Treatments typically begin with a range of non-surgical measures:

• Exercise: Regular exercise to improve strength, flexibility, and balance is essential [1].
• Weight loss: If there is excess weight, losing it can significantly improve pain, especially in the hips or knees [1].
• Braces or shoe inserts: Braces or shoe inserts (orthotics) fitted by a healthcare professional can help support the joints [1].
• Medication: Some over-the-counter pain relievers and topical creams can be used. If these are not sufficient, a doctor may prescribe intra-articular injections or prescription pain relievers [1].

Complementary treatments and their role

Some complementary therapies may help some people alleviate osteoarthritis symptoms. Massage can increase blood flow and bring warmth to the affected area [1]. Some research also suggests that acupuncture may help relieve pain [1]. Simple measures such as using heat and ice can also help [1]. For example, acupuncture may be beneficial for knee pain associated with osteoarthritis [2]. Practicing Tai Chi may also improve pain, stiffness, balance, and physical function in people with osteoarthritis [2]. As for dietary supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin, guidelines recommend against their use for hand, hip, or knee osteoarthritis, as studies with the lowest risk of bias have not shown them to work better than a placebo [2].

For more information on the importance of paying attention to early symptoms, you can visit Late diagnosis of osteoarthritis: Why should you pay attention to early symptoms? (Arabic)

When should you see a doctor?

If you suffer from symptoms such as pain during movement that improves with rest, stiffness especially in the first 30 minutes after waking up, joint swelling after using them excessively, reduced joint range of motion, or a feeling that the joint is loose or unstable, it is important to consult a doctor [1]. There is no specific test for osteoarthritis, but the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, perform a physical examination, and may use X-rays or other imaging tests to examine the joints, or order laboratory tests to ensure that another problem is not causing the symptoms [1]. An Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) test can help detect inflammation in the body, but it does not diagnose a specific condition on its own [3].

Medical references

• Osteoarthritis
• Chronic Pain and Complementary Health Approaches
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)