Can sexually transmitted infections (STIs) affect fetal development?

Yes, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can seriously affect fetal development and may cause health complications for both the mother and the baby. Pregnancy does not provide protection against these infections, and some can have severe consequences, sometimes reaching life-threatening levels. It is very important that pregnant women undergo screening and appropriate treatment to prevent these risks.

Risks of STIs to the Fetus

STIs can cause a range of health issues for the fetus, which may appear at birth or later in life. Some of these complications include preterm birth or low birth weight. In some cases, these infections may lead to serious illnesses or birth defects and can cause lifelong disabilities such as hearing loss or learning difficulties [1]. For example, Group B Streptococcus (GBS) bacteria can be transmitted to the baby during birth, which may cause severe blood poisoning in the infant, also known as sepsis, and can be life-threatening if not treated quickly [2].

Importance of Screening and Early Diagnosis

Most STIs do not show any clear symptoms, meaning an individual may have them without knowing [3]. Therefore, screening is a vital part of prenatal care. The earlier medical care is started, the better the health outcomes for the mother and child [3]. Pregnant women should discuss necessary screenings with their healthcare provider to ensure early detection and treatment of any infections [3].

Safe Treatment Options During Pregnancy

If a mother is diagnosed with an STI during pregnancy, treatment depends on the type of infection. Some infections can be treated with antibiotics that are considered safe for use during pregnancy. In other cases, treatment may involve antiviral medications or other measures to reduce the risk of transmission to the baby [3]. It is essential to consult a doctor to determine the most appropriate treatment plan that protects both the mother and the fetus [1].

Prevention of STIs During Pregnancy

To reduce the risk of contracting an STI, certain preventive measures can be followed. The only way to avoid STIs is to abstain from any type of sexual contact (vaginal, anal, or oral). If you are sexually active, risks can be minimized by committing to a long-term monogamous relationship with a partner who has been screened and confirmed free of STIs, and by using a condom correctly every time you have sex [3]. Sexual partners of a pregnant woman with an STI must also undergo screening and treatment [3]. For more information on common infections during pregnancy, you can visit Common Infections During Pregnancy in Jordan (Arabic).

When to Seek Emergency Help?

In the event of symptoms such as a high fever (38°C or higher) during labor and the mother has not been screened for Group B Streptococcus (GBS), or if the water broke more than 18 hours before delivery without GBS testing, the healthcare provider must be informed immediately [2]. For newborns showing symptoms such as breathing difficulties, skin discoloration (cyanosis), severe lethargy, or unstable body temperature, emergency medical help should be sought immediately, as these may be signs of Group B Streptococcus sepsis, a condition that requires immediate antibiotic treatment [2].

Medical references

• Infections and Pregnancy
• About STIs and Pregnancy
• Group B streptococcal septicemia of the newborn