Is self-harm the same as a suicide attempt?

Self-harm is not the same as a suicide attempt, although it does increase the risk of suicide if the person does not receive the necessary help. Self-harm is a behavior in which a person intentionally hurts their own body; it is not a mental disorder in itself, but rather an unhealthy way of coping with strong and painful emotions. Often, the goal of self-harm is not to end one's life, but rather an attempt to cope with intense internal distress.

Understanding the motives for self-harm

People engage in self-harm behaviors for many reasons, all of which revolve around difficulty coping with internal emotions. A person may resort to self-harm to:

• Feel something, especially when they feel empty or emotionally numb.
• Block out disturbing or painful memories.
• Express a need for help when they cannot express it in words.
• Release strong emotions that overwhelm them, such as intense anger, loneliness, or despair.
• Punish themselves.
• Feel a sense of control in situations where they feel helpless.

These behaviors may include cutting (using a razor or knife), punching (themselves or objects), burning (with cigarettes or matches), inserting sharp objects into body openings, or causing bone fractures and bruises [3].

The relationship between self-harm and suicide

As mentioned, self-harm is not a suicide attempt, but it is an important risk indicator. People who self-harm are more likely to attempt suicide if they do not receive proper support and treatment [3]. It is very important to differentiate between the two behaviors to provide the correct support. A suicide attempt is an act intended to end life, while self-harm is an attempt to cope with intense emotional pain without the intent of death.

Warning signs and seeking help

If you know someone who is self-harming, it is important to pay attention to warning signs and offer support. Potential signs of self-harm include:

• Unexplained, frequent wounds, bruises, or scars.
• Wearing long-sleeved shirts or long pants even in hot weather to hide injuries.
• Making excuses for injuries.
• Having sharp objects around without an obvious reason [3].

If you suspect that someone is self-harming, it is essential not to be judgmental and to let them know that you want to help. If they are a child or adolescent, ask them to speak to a trusted adult. If they refuse, you should speak to a trusted adult. If the person is an adult, suggest they seek mental health counseling [3].

Treatment and support options

There are no medications that directly treat self-harming behaviors, but medications can be used to treat underlying mental health disorders that may contribute to this behavior, such as depression and anxiety. Treating these disorders may reduce the urge to self-harm [3]. For example, antidepressants such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) can take 4 to 8 weeks to start working, and may improve sleep, appetite, energy, and concentration problems before mood improves [1].

Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is an essential part of the treatment plan. Psychotherapy helps the person learn problem-solving skills, new ways to handle strong emotions, improve relationship skills, and boost self-esteem [3]. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective type of psychotherapy that helps the person recognize and change inaccurate or harmful thinking patterns, understand how these thoughts affect emotions and behavior, and change self-destructive behavior patterns [2].

In severe cases, a person may need intensive treatment in a psychiatric hospital or a mental health day-care program [3]. It is essential to work with a mental health professional to develop an individual treatment plan that meets your specific medical needs and situation [1]. For more information on this topic, you can visit Self-Harm: Understanding the Behavior, Warning Signs, and Seeking Help (Arabic).

If you or someone you know is experiencing suicidal thoughts, call a local crisis line or emergency services immediately. In Jordan, help can be requested from mental health professionals or available psychological support hotlines.

Medical references

• Self-Harm
• Mental Health Medications
• Psychotherapies