What are opioids and what are their medical uses?

Opioids are a class of medications that interact with opioid receptors in the body's nerve cells and the brain to reduce the intensity of pain signals and pain perception [3]. They are sometimes known as narcotics [1]. This class includes powerful prescription pain medications, such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and tramadol. Heroin, which is an illegal drug, also falls under opioids [1].

When used for pain relief, prescription opioids are generally safe when taken for a short period and according to the doctor's instructions [1]. However, misuse increases the risk of opioid use disorder and overdose [1].

Medical Uses of Opioids

A healthcare provider may prescribe opioids to relieve severe pain after a major injury or surgery, or for severe pain resulting from health conditions such as cancer. They may also be used in some cases for chronic pain [1]. Examples of prescription opioids include:

• Oxycodone and hydrocodone: Often used to relieve moderate to severe pain [3].
• Fentanyl: A very powerful synthetic opioid, up to 50 times stronger than heroin and 100 times stronger than morphine. Pharmaceutical fentanyl is prescribed for treating severe pain, usually advanced cancer pain, and is available in the form of skin patches or lozenges [3].
• Tramadol: A synthetic opioid used for pain relief [3].
• Morphine and codeine: Natural opioids derived from the poppy plant [3].

Risks of Opioid Misuse

Opioid misuse is dangerous and increases the likelihood of overdose. Misuse can include taking a larger dose than prescribed, taking the medication more frequently, using it to get high, or taking someone else's opioids [1]. Children are particularly at risk of accidental overdose if they ingest medication not intended for them [1].

Signs of Opioid Overdose

Opioids affect the part of the brain that regulates breathing. When taking high doses, it can lead to slowed or stopped breathing, and may lead to death [1]. Signs of opioid overdose include [1], [2]:

• Severely constricted pupils (pinpoint pupils).
• Drowsiness or loss of consciousness.
• Slow or shallow breathing.
• Choking or gurgling sounds.
• Vomiting.
• Limp body.
• Pale, blue, or cold skin (especially lips and fingernails).
• Weak heartbeat.

What to Do in Case of a Suspected Overdose?

If you suspect someone is experiencing an opioid overdose, it is essential to act quickly. Call emergency services immediately (such as 911) [1], [2]. If naloxone is available, administer it to the person. Naloxone is a safe medication that can quickly stop an opioid overdose by blocking the effects of opioids on the body [1]. Naloxone does not harm the person if they are experiencing an overdose from drugs other than opioids, so it is best to use it if you suspect an overdose [1].

Try to keep the person awake and breathing. Place the person on their side to prevent choking [1], [2]. Stay with the person until emergency responders arrive [1]. For more information on naloxone first aid and danger signs, you can visit Opioid Overdose: Danger Signs and First Aid with Naloxone (Arabic).

Medical references

• Opioid Overdose
• Commonly Used Terms
• Preventing Opioid Overdose