What is gallbladder cancer?

Gallbladder cancer is a rare type of malignancy that originates in the tissues of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located just below the liver in the upper abdomen. The gallbladder stores bile, a fluid produced by the liver that plays an essential role in fat digestion. This cancer typically begins in the inner layer of the gallbladder and gradually spreads to the outer layers as cells grow uncontrollably [1].

Why is gallbladder cancer difficult to detect?

Physicians face significant challenges in detecting gallbladder cancer in its early stages for several reasons; first, patients rarely display any signs or symptoms during the initial phases. Additionally, the gallbladder's location, hidden behind the liver, makes it difficult to image. Symptoms of this cancer often mimic those of other common conditions, requiring precise examinations to distinguish between them. In many cases, the presence of cancer may be discovered incidentally during surgery to remove the gallbladder for other reasons, such as gallstones [1].

Common symptoms and diagnostic methods

When symptoms appear, they may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes), fever, pain above the stomach area, as well as nausea, vomiting, and bloating. To investigate these symptoms, doctors use a range of diagnostic procedures aimed at imaging the gallbladder and surrounding organs [1]. These tools include:

• Computed tomography (CT scan) and abdominal ultrasound.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using gadolinium contrast dye.
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): a procedure combining upper endoscopy and X-rays. It is worth noting that risks of this specific procedure, such as pancreatitis or bleeding, may occur in approximately 5% to 10% of cases [3].
• Laparoscopy and tissue biopsies to confirm the diagnosis [1].

Available treatment options

Treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer, the extent of its spread, and the patient's general health status. Gallbladder cancer can only be cured if it is detected in the early stages before it has spread, as surgery to remove the tumor is the primary and effective option [1]. In other cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be utilized. For more in-depth details, you may review our article on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of gallbladder cancer (Arabic).

When to seek emergency care?

If you are receiving chemotherapy or have undergone surgical procedures, it is essential to monitor for any warning signs that may indicate complications. Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of the following symptoms: fever or chills (signs of infection), persistent or bloody diarrhea, severe nausea and vomiting, extreme weakness, or sudden yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice), as these signs require urgent medical evaluation to ensure your safety [2].

Medical references

• Gallbladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version
• After chemotherapy - discharge
• Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)