What is vaginal cancer?

Vaginal cancer is a rare medical condition that arises when malignant (cancerous) cells form in the tissues of the vagina, the muscular canal connecting the cervix to the outside of the body. This disease is classified into two main types based on the type of cells where the tumor begins. The most common type is "squamous cell carcinoma," which develops in the thin cells lining the vagina; it typically grows slowly and remains in its original position for a long period before spreading to adjacent organs such as the lungs, liver, or bones. The second type is "adenocarcinoma," which begins in the glandular cells responsible for secreting fluids like mucus; this type is more inclined to spread toward the lymph nodes and lungs [1].

Risk factors for developing vaginal cancer

The exact cause of vaginal cancer development remains unknown in many cases, but there are specific factors that may increase the likelihood of developing the disease. It is important to clarify that having a risk factor does not necessarily mean one will develop the disease, just as the disease can appear in individuals who do not have any of these factors. Known risk factors include: advanced age, as the risk of developing the disease increases for women aged 60 or older, in addition to infection with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which is directly linked to squamous cell carcinoma. Factors also include medical history, such as undergoing a hysterectomy for cancerous or benign reasons. In very rare cases, the occurrence of a specific type of adenocarcinoma (clear cell) is associated with exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) while in the mother's womb, a drug that was used in the past to prevent miscarriage [1].

Common symptoms that warrant an examination

Vaginal cancer is often silent in its early stages and does not cause clear signs, and it is frequently discovered incidentally during routine pelvic exams or Pap smear tests [1]. However, when symptoms do appear, they warrant immediate medical attention to verify their causes, as many of these symptoms may result from other health conditions. Among the most prominent signs to monitor are: abnormal vaginal bleeding unrelated to the menstrual cycle, unusual vaginal discharge, pain during intimacy, as well as persistent pelvic pain. Additionally, a patient may experience the appearance of a palpable mass in the vagina, pain during urination, or chronic constipation [1] [3].

Early diagnosis

Accurate diagnosis depends on the physician's evaluation of medical history and a comprehensive physical examination of the pelvic area. A special colposcope is used to examine the vaginal walls and cervix in detail. If the physician suspects the presence of abnormal tissue, they may proceed with a biopsy, where a small tissue sample is taken for microscopic examination to determine the nature of the cells. Pap tests and imaging techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or Computed Tomography (CT) scans are also used to assess the extent of tumor spread if the diagnosis is confirmed [1] [3]. To learn more about these preventive and diagnostic aspects, you can review Vaginal Cancer: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Early Diagnosis (Arabic). If you experience any persistent symptoms, it is essential to book an appointment with a gynecologist to ensure a proper clinical evaluation.

Medical references

• Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version
• Childhood Cervical and Vaginal Cancers