What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), sometimes referred to as polycystic ovary disease, is a hormonal disorder that affects ovarian function and several other body systems. It is considered one of the most common causes of infertility associated with anovulation (lack of ovulation) [3], where many individuals may not realize they have the condition until they encounter difficulties trying to conceive [3]. The syndrome is characterized by a set of features that may include hormonal imbalances, metabolic disturbances, and changes in reproductive health [3].

How is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome diagnosed?

There is no single medical test that can diagnose PCOS on its own [1]. Instead, doctors rely on excluding other conditions and using evaluation criteria that include the patient's medical history, a physical examination to detect clinical signs, and pelvic exams [1]. A doctor may order an ultrasound to examine the ovaries and determine the thickness of the uterine lining, in addition to blood tests to measure hormone levels [1].

In some cases, the Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) test is used to assess ovarian reserve; while high levels of this hormone may suggest the possibility of the syndrome, its use remains part of a comprehensive diagnostic workup and is not sufficient for diagnosis by itself [2].

Characteristic symptoms and signs

A diagnosis is often confirmed if the individual meets at least two of the following three main criteria: absence or irregularity of ovulation, elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) or related clinical signs, and the presence of visible ovarian cysts on imaging [1]. However, some patients can be diagnosed without the presence of visible cysts on the ovaries [3].

Symptoms associated with this condition may include:

• Irregular or absent menstrual cycles due to the infrequent release of eggs [1].
• Excessive hair growth on the face, chest, abdomen, or thighs (hirsutism) [1].
• Severe acne or oily skin [1].
• Weight gain or difficulty losing weight, sometimes accompanied by thick, dark skin patches [1].

Condition management and treatment

Although there is no cure for PCOS, the symptoms are highly manageable through personalized treatment plans [1]. Therapeutic strategies include lifestyle modifications, such as following a balanced diet and maintaining regular physical activity to help reduce risks associated with the condition [1]. Medication options can also be discussed with a doctor, such as hormonal contraceptives to regulate the cycle, or medications that help improve insulin sensitivity or reduce androgen levels [1]. For more details on available options, you can read Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Comprehensive Treatment Plan (Arabic).

Note: Always consult a healthcare provider when noticing symptoms such as absent menstrual periods, sudden changes in weight, or unusual hair growth, to ensure an accurate diagnosis and receive appropriate care.

Medical references

• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
• Anti-Müllerian Hormone Test
• About Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)