What is prediabetes, and can this condition be reversed to prevent type 2 diabetes?

Prediabetes is a health condition in which blood glucose (sugar) levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes [1]. This condition indicates that the body is struggling to use insulin properly (insulin resistance) or is not producing enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range [1].

If you have prediabetes, you are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke [1]. The good news is that in many cases, prediabetes can be reversed or its progression to type 2 diabetes can be delayed by making certain lifestyle changes [1].

Symptoms of Prediabetes

In most cases, people with prediabetes do not show any obvious symptoms, which makes early diagnosis difficult [1]. However, some people may notice skin changes such as darkening in certain areas like the armpits or on the sides and back of the neck, and small skin tags may also appear in these areas [1]. These changes may be an indicator of insulin resistance.

Diagnosis of Prediabetes

Prediabetes is diagnosed through blood tests that measure glucose levels. The most common tests include [1]:

• Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test: This test measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least 8 hours [1].
  • Normal level: 99 mg/dL or lower [1].
  • Prediabetes: 100 to 125 mg/dL [1].
  • Type 2 diabetes: 126 mg/dL or higher [1].
• A1C test (Glycated Hemoglobin): This test measures average blood sugar levels over the past three months [1]. Results are expressed as a percentage [1].
  • Normal level: Less than 5.7% [1].
  • Prediabetes: Between 5.7% and 6.4% [1].
  • Type 2 diabetes: 6.5% or higher [1].
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): This test is used to detect type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes [2]. After fasting for at least 8 hours, a blood sample is taken, the patient then drinks a sugary liquid, and another blood sample is taken after two hours [2].
  • Normal level: 139 mg/dL or lower after two hours [2].
  • Prediabetes: 140 to 199 mg/dL after two hours [2].
  • Type 2 diabetes: 200 mg/dL or higher after two hours [2].

It is recommended that people diagnosed with prediabetes have their blood sugar levels re-checked annually [2]. To learn more about this topic, you can visit Prediabetes: Can the condition be reversed and type 2 diabetes prevented? (Arabic).

Reversing Prediabetes and Preventing Type 2 Diabetes

Yes, in many cases, prediabetes can be reversed and its progression to type 2 diabetes prevented by adopting healthy lifestyle changes [1]. These changes include:

• Weight loss: If you are overweight or obese, losing weight can significantly help improve blood sugar levels [1].
• Regular physical activity: Engaging in regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, can help improve the body's sensitivity to insulin [1].
• Following a healthy meal plan: Focusing on a low-calorie diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, while reducing added sugars and saturated fats, is an essential step [1].

In some cases, a doctor may recommend diabetes medication to help manage blood sugar levels, especially if lifestyle changes alone are not sufficient [1]. It is important to consult your doctor to determine the most appropriate treatment plan for your condition.

Potential Complications of Prediabetes

In addition to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, prediabetes also increases the risk of heart disease and stroke [1]. High blood glucose levels over time can damage blood vessels and the nerves that control the heart and blood vessels [3]. People with diabetes tend to develop heart disease at a younger age compared to those without diabetes [3]. Therefore, managing prediabetes is not just for preventing diabetes, but also for protecting cardiovascular health.

Medical references

• Prediabetes
• Diabetes Tests & Diagnosis
• Diabetes, Heart Disease, & Stroke