What is prostate cancer?

Prostate cancer is a disease in which cells in the prostate gland multiply abnormally and uncontrollably [1]. The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum, which is part of the male reproductive system. Its primary function is to produce the fluid that makes up part of semen [2].

Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among men [1]. This type of cancer often grows very slowly and may not cause serious problems if it does not spread to other parts of the body. However, in some cases, prostate cancer can grow and spread rapidly, making it a serious condition [1].

Causes and Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer

The exact cause of prostate cancer remains unknown, but researchers believe it occurs as a result of changes in genetic material (DNA). These changes may be inherited or may occur during a person's lifetime [1].

Risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing prostate cancer include:

• Age: The chance of developing prostate cancer increases with age, and it is rare before the age of fifty [1].
• Family History: The risk of developing the disease is higher if a parent, sibling, or child has had prostate cancer [1].
• Race: Men of African descent are more likely to develop prostate cancer, may develop it at a younger age, and often have a more aggressive type of the disease [1].

Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

In its early stages, prostate cancer may not cause any symptoms at all [1]. When symptoms do appear, they may be similar to the symptoms of other common, non-cancerous prostate problems, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia [1]. Potential symptoms include:

• Difficulty urinating, such as weak urine flow, difficulty starting, or interrupted flow [1].
• A sudden, urgent need to urinate [1].
• Frequent urination, especially at night [1].
• Pain or burning during urination [1].
• Blood in the urine or semen [1].
• Persistent pain in the lower back, hips, or pelvis [1].
• Pain during ejaculation [1].

If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, or if you have risk factors for prostate cancer, it is important to consult your doctor to discuss your prostate health [1].

Early Detection and Its Importance

Early detection of prostate cancer is vital to improving the chances of treatment and recovery. Tests that can assist in early detection include:

• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): The doctor manually examines the prostate through the rectum to check for any lumps or abnormal areas [1].
• Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: A blood test that measures the level of PSA protein produced by prostate cells. A high PSA level may indicate the presence of prostate cancer, but it can also be caused by other non-cancerous conditions [1].
• Imaging Tests: Such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create images of the prostate [2].
• Biopsy: If initial tests indicate the possibility of cancer, the next step is usually a prostate biopsy, which is the only way to confirm the diagnosis [1].

For more information on early detection and treatment options, you can visit Prostate Cancer: Early Detection, Treatment Options, and Survivorship (Arabic).

Next Steps

If you have concerns about your prostate health, have developed any of the mentioned symptoms, or have a family history of prostate cancer, it is essential to consult a doctor. The doctor will evaluate your condition and may recommend the necessary tests to determine the cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan if necessary [1].

Medical references

• Prostate Cancer
• Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version
• Prostate Cancer Symptoms, Tests, and Treatment