What is a disability?

A disability is any condition that affects the body or mind, making it difficult for an individual to perform one or more basic life activities and interact with their surrounding environment [1]. Having a disability does not necessarily mean a person is unhealthy; many people with disabilities are just as healthy, or even healthier, than others [1]. However, they may be more susceptible to certain health issues related to their disability, known as "secondary conditions" [1].

Dimensions of Disability

According to the World Health Organization, disability involves three main dimensions [2]:

• Impairment: Refers to a problem in body structure or function, whether physical or mental. Examples include loss of a limb, vision impairment, or memory loss [2].
• Activity Limitation: These are difficulties an individual faces in performing daily tasks and activities, such as difficulty seeing, hearing, walking, or problem-solving [2].
• Participation Restrictions: These relate to difficulties that prevent an individual from fully engaging in various life roles, such as work, education, or social and recreational activities [2].

Types of Disabilities

Disabilities vary significantly and affect different aspects of an individual's life [1]. Disabilities can include those affecting:

• Vision [1]
• Hearing [1]
• Mobility [1]
• Thinking [1]
• Remembering [1]
• Learning [1]
• Communication [1]
• Development [1]
• Mental health [1]
• Social relationships [1]

Some disabilities are "visible" and easy to notice, such as the use of a wheelchair, while others are "invisible" or hidden, such as hearing, thinking, or learning problems [1].

Causes of Disability

Disabilities can be present from birth or occur later in life [1]. Causes of disabilities present at birth include:

• Single gene disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy [1].
• Chromosomal disorders, such as Down syndrome [1].
• Exposure to certain infections or substances (such as medications, alcohol, or cigarettes) before birth [1].

Disabilities that occur later in life may be caused by [1]:

• Injuries, such as spinal cord injuries or traumatic brain injuries [1].
• Chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, and arthritis [1].
• Cancer [1].
• Mental health issues [1].
• Stroke [1].
• Alzheimer's disease and other causes of dementia [1].

Healthy Living with a Disability

It is important for people with disabilities to adopt a healthy lifestyle, just like everyone else, to maintain their health. This includes [1]:

• Regular physical activity [1].
• Eating healthy foods in appropriate amounts [1].
• Limiting sun exposure and using sunscreen [1].
• Not smoking, and seeking help to quit if necessary [1].
• Using medications wisely [1].
• Not drinking alcohol or drinking in moderation [1].
• Seeking help for any issues related to substance abuse or mental health [1].
• Staying connected with family and friends [1].

People with disabilities may face additional challenges in maintaining a healthy weight, such as difficulty accessing healthy food options or environments suitable for exercise [3]. It is important to provide the necessary support and resources to enable them to live a healthy and active life. To learn more about available support in Jordan, you can visit Living with Disability: Support for Individuals and Families in Jordan (Arabic).

Medical references

• Disabilities
• Disability and Health Overview
• Disability and Obesity