Is anal cancer common, and what are its main risk factors?

Anal cancer is not a common type of cancer compared to others, but it is a disease that forms in the tissues of the anus, which is the opening at the end of the large intestine where stool leaves the body. The anus is composed partially of outer skin layers and partially of the intestine. While anyone can develop anal cancer, certain factors increase the likelihood of developing it.

What are the factors that increase the risk of anal cancer?

Several factors may increase the risk of developing anal cancer. Understanding these factors can help identify those at higher risk and allow for appropriate preventive measures. Key factors include:

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection: High-risk HPV infection, particularly certain strains, is the primary cause of most anal cancer cases. This virus is very common and can be transmitted through sexual contact [1].
• Weakened Immune System: People with a weakened immune system, whether due to medical conditions like HIV or due to medications taken after organ transplantation, are at higher risk of developing anal cancer [1].
• Smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor for anal cancer. Quitting smoking can reduce this risk [1].
• History of Other Cancers: Women who have had vulvar, vaginal, or cervical cancer may be at a higher risk of developing anal cancer [1].
• Sexual Practices: Having multiple sexual partners or engaging in anal sex increases the risk [1].

The Importance of the HPV Vaccine

The HPV vaccine plays an important protective role in reducing the risk of anal cancer, especially since most anal cancer cases are linked to this virus [3]. It is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider to see if the vaccine is appropriate for you or your family members and when it should be administered.

Early Screening for Certain Groups

For adults with HIV, it is important to undergo an annual anal cancer screening. This screening involves looking for any unusual signs such as lumps, burning, or precancerous cells that could develop into cancer. The screening usually includes a digital rectal exam (DRE), and if anything unusual is found, anoscopy or high-resolution anoscopy may be performed [1].

When Should You See a Doctor?

If you notice any symptoms that may be related to anal cancer, such as bleeding from the anus or rectum, a lump near the anus, pain or pressure in the anal area, itching or discharge from the anus, or a change in bowel habits (such as narrower stool, the need to defecate more frequently, or fecal incontinence), it is essential to consult a doctor to evaluate the condition [1]. These symptoms may be caused by less serious conditions like hemorrhoids, but a medical examination is the only way to determine the exact cause. For more information on symptoms, early diagnosis, and treatment, you can visit Anal Cancer: Symptoms, Early Diagnosis, and Treatment Options (Arabic).

Medical references

• Anal Cancer
• What Is Anal Cancer?