What are the main risk factors for vaginal cancer?

Vaginal cancer is a rare disease in which malignant cells form in the vagina. There is no single, specific cause for developing it, but several factors increase the likelihood of its occurrence. These main factors include advancing age, as the risk increases significantly in women aged 60 or older, infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), and prenatal exposure to the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) [1]. It is important to note that the presence of one or more risk factors does not necessarily mean you will develop the disease, and some people may develop it without having any known risk factors [1].

Advancing Age and Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Advancing age is a significant factor that increases the risk of vaginal cancer, especially in women aged 60 or older [1]. Infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) is also linked to squamous cell vaginal cancer, which is the most common type of vaginal cancer [1]. This virus can lead to changes in the cells lining the vagina, and if these changes are not monitored, they may increase the risk of cancer. Pap smears and HPV tests are part of routine examinations that can help detect cellular changes.

Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

In the 1950s, the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) was given to some pregnant women to prevent miscarriage. Research has shown that females who were exposed to this drug while in their mothers' wombs were at a higher risk of developing a rare type of vaginal cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma [1]. However, incidence rates for this type of cancer peaked in the mid-1970s and have become extremely rare today due to the discontinuation of this drug [1].

Other Risk Factors

In addition to the factors mentioned, a history of hysterectomy for benign or malignant tumors may increase the risk of vaginal cancer [1]. It is also important to note that vaginal cancer in children is very rare, and in these cases, vaginal bleeding is the most significant symptom requiring immediate medical evaluation [3]. For a broader understanding of this disease, including symptoms and early diagnosis, you can visit our article Vaginal Cancer: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Early Diagnosis (Arabic).

Importance of Medical Follow-up

Talking to your doctor if you believe you might be at risk is essential [1]. Since vaginal cancer often does not cause early symptoms, regular pelvic exams and Pap smears can help detect any changes [1]. If you experience any of the following symptoms: abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge not related to your menstrual cycle, pain during intercourse, pelvic pain, a lump in the vagina, pain during urination, or constipation, you should consult a doctor to evaluate the condition [1]. These symptoms may be caused by conditions other than cancer, but medical evaluation is necessary to determine the cause.

Medical references

• Vaginal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version
• Childhood Cervical and Vaginal Cancers