What is the main cause of Kaposi sarcoma?

The main cause of Kaposi sarcoma is infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) [1]. Although most people infected with this virus do not develop Kaposi sarcoma, certain groups are more susceptible, especially those with a weakened immune system [1].

Understanding HHV-8 and its Role

HHV-8 is a fundamental factor in the development of Kaposi sarcoma. This virus is present in the lesions of all patients suffering from Kaposi sarcoma [2]. However, the presence of the virus alone is not sufficient for the disease to develop. It usually requires a compromised immune system for the virus to cause the growth of cancerous lesions [2].

Groups at Higher Risk

The likelihood of developing Kaposi sarcoma increases in people with a weakened immune system. These groups include:

• People living with HIV: They may develop epidemic (AIDS-related) Kaposi sarcoma, where HIV attacks and weakens the immune system [2].
• Organ transplant recipients: They may develop iatrogenic (transplant-associated) Kaposi sarcoma due to the immunosuppressive medications they take after surgery [1]. In these cases, adjusting or changing the medication dosage may assist in treatment [1].
• Older men of Mediterranean or Eastern European Jewish descent: They may develop classic Kaposi sarcoma, a rare type that progresses slowly over many years [2].
• Young men in Africa: They may develop endemic (African) Kaposi sarcoma [1].

Importance of Early Diagnosis

Since Kaposi sarcoma can affect different parts of the body, including the skin, lymph nodes, mucous membranes, and internal organs, early diagnosis is crucial [1]. Diagnosis typically begins with the doctor asking about medical and family history and conducting a physical examination [1]. Additional tests may include chest X-rays, skin biopsies, and endoscopy or bronchoscopy to look for lesions in internal organs [1].

Next Steps and Red Flags

If you have red, purple, or brown skin lesions, especially on the legs and feet, or other symptoms such as painful leg swelling, gastrointestinal bleeding accompanied by abdominal pain and diarrhea, or shortness of breath due to lesions in the lungs, it is essential to consult a doctor [1]. These symptoms may be an indicator of Kaposi sarcoma or other conditions requiring medical evaluation. Doctors at Jordan Clinics (Arabic) can provide assistance with diagnosis and treatment.

If Kaposi sarcoma is diagnosed, treatment depends on the type of sarcoma, the number and location of the lesions, the problems they cause, and the patient's general health [1]. Treatment options may include radiotherapy, surgery, cryosurgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy [1]. For people with HIV-related Kaposi sarcoma, taking HIV medications may be sufficient for treatment [1].

Medical references

• Kaposi Sarcoma
• Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version
• After chemotherapy - discharge